Contents

Preface

Introduction

Part One: The writing process: three orientations

1. Shaping at the point of utterance James Britton

2. Does learning to write have to be so difficult? Carl Bereitter and Marlene Scardamalia

3. New starts and different kids of failure H. G. Widdowson

Part Two: The development of writing abilities

4. The growth and development of first-grade writers Donald H. Graves

5. Assessing language development: the Crediton project Andrew Wilkinson

6. Toward a theory of development rhetoric Daniel R. Kirby and Kenneth J. Kantor

7. Redefining maturity in writing Lee Odell

Part Three: Text and discourse

8. A pluralistic synthesis fo four contemporary models for teaching composition James L. Kinneavy

9. Contrastive rhetorics: some implications for the writing process Robert B. Kaplan

10. Syntactic skill and ESL writing quality Patrick T. Kameen

11. The reliability of mean T-unit length: some questions for research in written composition Stephen P. Witte

Part Four: Implications for teaching

12. Writers and their writing, 15 to 17 Bruce Bennett

13. Scope for intentions Nancy Martin

14. Writing in response to literature John Dixon

15. Instructional focus and the teaching of writing James R. Squire

16. From classroom practice into psycholinguistic theory W. Ross Winterowd

17. Communicative writing practice and Aristotelian rhetoric Keith Johnson

18. Anguish as a second language? Remedies for composition teachers Ann Raimes

Bibliography

Index