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NCLEX-RN Exam CramAbout the Authors
Wilda Rinehart received her associate degree in nursing from Northeast Mississippi Community College in Booneville, Mississippi. After working as a staff nurse and charge nurse, she became a public health nurse and served in that capacity for a number of years. In 1975, she received her Nurse Practitioner Certification in obstetric-gynecology from the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi. In 1979, she completed her bachelor's of science degree in nursing from Mississippi University for Women and the following year completed her master's degree in nursing from the same university. In 1980, Ms. Rinehart accepted a faculty position at Northeast Mississippi Community College where she has taught medical-surgical nursing and obstetrical nursing. In 1982, she founded Rinehart and Associates Educational Consults. For the past 22 years, she and her associates have worked with nursing graduates and schools of nursing to assist graduates to pass the National Council Licensure Exam for Nursing. She has also worked with faculty who want to improve their item writing skills and as a curriculum consultant. Ms. Rinehart has served as a convention speaker throughout the southeastern United States and as a reviewer of medical-surgical and obstetric text. She has coauthored NCLEX (R) review materials and is presently working on DVD and CD review programs. As president of Rinehart and Associates, she serves as coordinator of a company dedicated to improving the quality of health through nursing education.
Dr. Diann Sloan holds an associate degree in nursing from Northeast Mississippi Community College, a bachelor's degree in nursing from the University of Mississippi, and a master's degree in nursing from Mississippi University for Women. In addition to her nursing degrees, she holds a master of science in education degree in counseling psychology from Georgia State University and a doctor of philosophy degree in counselor education, with minors in both psychology and educational psychology, from Mississippi State University. She has completed additional graduate studies in healthcare administration at Western New England College and the University of Mississippi.
As a nurse educator, Dr. Sloan has taught pediatric nursing, psychiatric mental health nursing, and medical surgical nursing in both associate degree and baccalaureate nursing programs. As a member of Rinehart and Associates Nursing Review, Dr. Sloan has conducted test construction workshops for faculty and nursing review seminars for both registered and practical nurse graduates. She has coauthored materials used in the item writing workshops for nursing faculty and Rinehart and Associates Nursing Review. She is a member of Sigma Theta Tau nursing honor society.
Clara Hurd is an associate degree nurse graduate of Northeast Mississippi Community College in Booneville, Mississippi (1975). Her experiences in nursing are clinically based, having served as a staff nurse in medical-surgical nursing. She has worked as an oncology, intensive care, orthopedics, neurological, and pediatric nurse. She received her bachelor of science degree in nursing from the University of North Alabama in Florence, Alabama, and her master's degree in nursing from the Mississippi University for Women in Columbus, Mississippi. She is currently serving as a nurse educator at Northeast Mississippi Community College teaching medical-surgical content. Ms. Hurd has taught in both associate degree and baccalaureate nursing programs. She was a faculty member of Mississippi University for Women; Austin Peay State University in Clarksville, Tennessee; and Tennessee State University in Nashville, Tennessee. Ms. Hurd joined Rinehart and Associates in 1993. She has worked with students in preparing for the National Council Licensure Exam and with faculty as a consultant in writing test items. Ms. Hurd has also been a presenter at nursing conventions on various topics, including item writing for nursing faculty. Her primary professional goal is to prepare the student and graduate for excellence in the delivery of healthcare.
(c) Copyright Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Introduction.
Self-Assessment.
1. Preparing for the National Council Exam for Registered Nurses.
Preparing for the Exam
The CAT Exam
Testing Strategies
Read the Question Carefully
Look for Keywords
Watch for Specific Details
Eliminate Options That Are Clearly Wrong or Incorrect
Look for Similar Options
Look for Opposite Answers
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
2. Simplifying Pharmacology.
Pharmacology
Three Areas of Pharmacology
How Nurses Work with Pharmacology
Time-Released Drugs
Administering Medications
Understanding and Identifying the Various Drugs
Angiotensin-Converting Agents
Beta Adrenergic Blockers
Anti-Infectives (Aminoglycosides)
Benzodiazepines (Anticonvulsants/Sedative/Antianxiety)
Phenothiazines (Antipsychotic/Antiemetic)
Glucocorticoids
Antivirals
Cholesterol-Lowering Agents
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
Cox 2 Enzyme Blockers
Histamine 2 Antagonists
Proton Pump Inhibitors
Anticoagulants
More Drug Identification Helpers
Herbals
Drug Schedules
Pregnancy Categories for Drugs
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
3. Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Respiratory System.
Acute Respiratory Failure
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Pulmonary Embolus
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema
Asthma
Acute Respiratory Infections
Pneumonia
Pleurisy
Tuberculosis
Emerging Infections
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Legionnaire's Disease
Diagnostic Tests for Review
Pharmacology Categories for Review
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
4. Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Renal and Genitourinary System.
Acute Glomerulonephritis
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
End Stage Renal Disease
Peritoneal Dialysis
Hemodialysis
Renal Transplants
Nephrotic Syndrome
Urinary Calculi
Urinary Tract Infections
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Bladder Cancer
Diagnostic Tests for Review
Pharmacology Categories for Review
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
5. Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Hematopoietic System.
Anemia
Pernicious Anemia
Aplastic Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Cooley's Anemia (Thalassemia Major)
Hemophilia
Polycythemia Vera
Diagnostic Tests for Review
Pharmacology for Review
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
6. Caring for the Client with Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance and Acid/Base Balance.
Basic Knowledge of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Regulation of pH and Its Effect on Fluid and Electrolytes
How the Body Regulates pH
Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of Metabolic Acidosis
Symptoms of Metabolic Acidosis
Care of the Client with Metabolic Acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis
Causes of Respiratory Acidosis
Symptoms of Respiratory Acidosis
Caring for the Client with Respiratory Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis
Symptoms of Metabolic Alkalosis
Caring for the Client with Metabolic Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Symptoms of Respiratory Alkalosis
Care of the Client with Respiratory Alkalosis
Normal Electrolyte Values
Changes Associated with Aging
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
7. Caring for the Client with Burns.
Burn Classifications
Burn Measurement with TBSA
Client Care for Burn Victims
The Emergent Phase
The Intermediate Phase
Dressings for Burns
The Rehabilitative Phase
Diagnostic Tests for Review
Pharmacology Categories for Review
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
8. Caring for the Client with Sensorineural Disorders.
Disorders of the Eyes
Intraocular Disorders
Retinal Disorders
Refractive Errors
Traumatic Injuries
Visual Tests for Review
Pharmacology Categories for Review
Ear Disorders
Otitis Externa
Assisting Clients with Hearing Loss
Diagnostic Tests for Review
Pharmacology Categories for Review
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
9. Caring for the Client with Cancer.
Cancer
American Cancer Society's Seven Warning Signs of Cancer
The Four Major Categories of Cancer
Risk Factors for Specific Cancers
Cancer Prevention
Patient Teaching
Management of the Client with Cancer
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Bone Marrow Transplantation
Types of Transplants
Nursing Care After Transplantation
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Diagnosis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Prognosis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Treatment of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
10 Diagnostic Tests for Review
Pharmacology for Review
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
10. Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System.
Ulcers
Types of Ulcers
Inflammatory Bowel Disorders
Crohn's Disease (Regional Enteritis)
Ulcerative Colitis
Diverticulitis
Diagnosis of Diverticulitis
Treatment of Diverticulitis
Diseases Associated with the Liver
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Pancreatitis
Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis
Symptoms of Cholecystitis
Symptoms of Cholethiasis
Treatment of Cholecystitis
Diagnosis of Cholecystitis/Cholethiasis
Treatment of Cholethiasis
Food-Borne Illnesses
Diagnostic Tests for Review
Pharmacology for Review
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
11. Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System.
Fractures
Treating Fractures
Compartment Syndrome
Osteomyelitis
Osteoporosis
Treatment of Osteoporosis
Gout
Treatment of the Client with Gout
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Musculoskeletal Surgical Procedures
Fractured Hip and Hip Replacement
Total Knee Replacement
Amputations
Assistive Devices for Ambulation
Crutches
Canes
Walkers
Diagnostic Tests for Review
Pharmacology for Review
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
12. Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Endocrine System.
Pituitary Disorders
Tumors of the Pituitary
Thyroid Disorders
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Parathyroid Disorders
Hypoparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
Adrenal Gland Disorders
Adrenocortical Insuffiency (Addison's Disease)
Adrenocortical Hypersecretion (Cushing's Disease)
Diabetes Mellitus
Diagnostic Tests for Review
Pharmacology Categories for Review
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
13. Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Cardiovascular System.
Hypertension
Medications Used to Treat Hypertension
Heart Block
Toxicity to Medications
Malfunction of the Conduction System
Myocardial Infarction
Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction
Management of Myocardial Infarction Clients
Buerger's Disease
Thrombophlebitis
Raynaud's
Aneurysms
Congestive Heart Failure
Diagnostic Tests for Review
Pharmacology Categories for Review
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
14. Caring for the Client with Disorders of the Neurological System.
Seizures
Types of Seizures
Treatment of Seizure Clients
Status Epilepticus
Brain Injuries
Epidural Hematomas
Subdural Hematoma
Treatment of Epidural and Subdural Hematomas
Increased Intracranial Pressure
Treatment of ICP
Neurological Assessment
Cranial Nerve Assessment
Glasgow Coma Scale
Intracranial Pressure Monitors
Care of the Client with Intracranial Surgery (Craniotomy)
Spinal Cord Injury
Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries
Potential Complications with SCI Clients
Guillain-Barre
Treating Clients with Guillian-Barre
Degenerative Neurological Disorders
Diagnostic Tests for Review
Pharmacology for Review
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
15. Caring for the Client with Psychiatric Disorders.
Anxiety-Related Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Somatoform Disorder
Panic Disorder
Phobic Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Personality Disorders
Cluster A
Cluster B
Cluster C
Managing Clients with Personality Disorders
Psychotic Disorders
Schizophrenia
Bipolar Disorders
Substance Abuse
Alcoholism
Other Commonly Abused Substances
Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
Conduct Disorder
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder
Eating Disorders
Diagnostic Tests for Review
Pharmacology Categories for Review
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
16. Caring for the Maternal/Infant Client.
Signs of Pregnancy
Presumptive Signs
Probable Signs
Positive Signs
Prenatal Care
Prenatal Diet and Weight Maintenance
Alpha-Fetoprotein Screening
Other Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
Measuring Fetal Heart Tones
Signs of Complications of Pregnancy
Types of Abortions
Abnormalities Effecting Pregnancy
Diabetes in Pregnancy
Preeclampsia
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Cord Prolapse
Maternal Infections
Preterm Labor
Intrapartal Care
Stages of Labor
Phases of Labor
Important Terms You Should Know
Prelabor Testing
Fetal Monitoring
Pharmacologic Management of Labor
Postpartum Care
Terms Associated with the Normal Newborn
Rh Incompatibility
Contraception
Diagnostic Tests for Review
Pharmacology Categories for Review
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
17. Caring for the Pediatric Client.
Growth and Development
Infant (28 Days to 1 Year)
Toddler (1-3 Years)
Preschooler (3-5 Years)
School Age (6-12 Years)
Adolescence (12-18 Years)
Congenital Anomalies
Anomalies of the Gastrointestinal System
Anomalies of the Musculoskeltal System
Anomalies of the Cardiovascular System
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Respiratory Disorders
Acute Otitis Media
Tonsillitis
Laryngotracheobronchitis
Acute Epiglottitis
Bronchiolitis
Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis)
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Gastroenteritis
Pyloric Stenosis
Intussusception
Celiac (Gluten-induced Enteropathy, Celiac Sprue)
Cardiovascular Disorders
Rheumatic Fever
Kawasaki's Disease (Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome)
Musculoskeletal Disorders
Scoliosis
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (Coxa Plana)
Muscular Dystrophies
Childhood Cancer
Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
Leukemia
Osteogenic Sarcoma (Osteosarcoma)
Ingestion of Hazardous Substances
Salicylate Overdose
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Overdose
Lead (Plumbism)
Iron Poisoning
Diagnostic Tests for Review
Pharmacology Categories for Review
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
18. Emergency Nursing.
The ABCDs of Emergency Care
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Deficits
Obtaining Client Information
Trauma
Head Injuries
Chest Injuries
Abdominal Injuries
Documenting and Protecting Forensic Evidence
Poisoning
Poisonous Stings and Bites
Bioterrorism
Chemical and Biological Agents
Nuclear Warfare
Triage Categories for Disaster Victims
Diagnostic Tests for Review
Pharmacology Categories for Review
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
19. Cultural Practices Influencing Nursing Care.
Cultural Diversity and Its Effect on Healthcare
Cultural Assessment
Understanding Client Beliefs
Working with Clients Who Speak Different Languages
Healthcare of Hispanics/Latinos
Time Considerations
Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication
Childbirth and Pain Response
Native Americans and Alaskan Natives
Time Considerations
Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication
Childbirth and Pain Response
Asian-Americans
Time Considerations
Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication
Childbirth and Pain Response
Arab-Americans
Time Considerations
Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication
Childbirth and Pain Response
Nursing Plan Dietary Considerations Across Cultures
Religious Beliefs and Refusal of Care Considerations
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
20. Legal Issues in Nursing Practice.
Legal Issues in Nursing Practice
Types of Laws
Statutory Laws/Regulatory Laws
Civil Law
Criminal Law
Common Law
Code of Ethical Behavior in Nursing Practice
Legalities That Affect Nursing Practice
Negligence
Malpractice
Assault
Torts
Fraud
Witnessing Consent for Care
Managing Client Care
Exam Prep Questions
Answer Rationales
21. Practice Exam I.
22. Answers to Practice Exam I.
Answer Rationales
23. Practice Exam II.
24. Answers to Practice Exam II.
Answer Rationales
Appendix A: CD Contents and Installation Instructions.
The CramMaster Engine
Multiple Test Modes
Pretest Mode
Adaptive Drill Mode
Simulated Exam Mode
Installing CramMaster for the NCLEX-RN(r) Exam
Using CramMaster for the NCLEX-RN(r) Exam
Customer Support
Appendix B: Things You Forgot - on CD.
Appendix C: Alphabetical Listing of Nursing Boards in the United States and Protectorates - on CD.
Appendix D: Need to Know More? - on CD.
Glossary.
Index.