Contents
Preface xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 A Historical Perspective
1.2 A Current Global Issue
1.3 A Look to the Future
References
Chapter 2 Water Resources Planning and Management
2.1 Environmental Regulation and Protection
2.2 Security of Water Resources Systems
2.3 Watershed Management
2.4 Integrated Watershed Management
2.5 Role of Geographic Information Systems
2.6 Conclusions
Problems
References
Chapter 3 The Hydrologic Cycle and Natural Water Sources
3.1 The Hydrologic Cycle
The Water Budget
3.2 Mathematics of Hydrology
3.3 Water Quality
3.4 Soil Moisture
Groundwater
3.5 An Introduction to Groundwater Quantity and Quality
3.6 The Subsurface Distribution of Water
3.7 Aquifers
3.8 Safe Yield of an Aquifer
3.9 Groundwater Flow
3.10 Hydraulics of Wells
3.11 Boundary Effects
3.12 Regional Groundwater Systems
3.13 Salt Water Intrusion
3.14 Groundwater Recharge
3.15 Concurrent Development of Groundwater and Surface Water Sources
Surface Water
3.16 An Introduction to Surface Water Quantity and Quality
3.17 Surface Water Storage
3.18 Reservoirs
3.19 Losses from Storage
3.20 Impacts of Climate Change on Global Hydrology
Problems
References
Chapter 4 Alternative Sources of Water Supply
4.1 Water Conservation
4.2 Wastewater Reuse
4.3 Stormwater Reuse
4.4 Brackish and Saline Water Conversion
4.5 Interbasin Transfers
4.6 Other Relevant Technologies
Problems
References
Chapter 5 Water Use Trends and Forecasting
5.1 Water-Use Sectors
5.2 Factors Affecting Water Use
5.3 Water Use Trends
5.4 Population
5.5 Long-Term Water Use Forecasting
Problems
References
Chapter 6 Conveying and Distributing Water
Hydraulics
6.1 Introduction to Hydraulics
6.2 Uniform Flow
6.3 Gradually Varied Flow and Surface Profiles
6.4 Velocity
Water Distribution Systems
6.5 General Design Considerations
6.6 Types of Distribution Systems
6.7 Distribution System Components
6.8 Distribution System Configutations
Hydraulic Considerations
6.8 Hydraulic Design
Pressure Considerations
6.9 General Design Sequence
6.10 Distribution Reservoirs and Service Storage
Pumping
6.11 Pumping Head
6.12 Power
6.13 Cavitation
6.14 System Head
6.15 Pump Characteristics
6.16 Pump Curves
Problems
References
Chapter 7 Wastewater Collection and Stormwater Engineering
Design of Sanitary Sewers
7.1 House and Building Connections
7.2 Collection Systems
7.3 Intercepting Sewers
7.4 Materials
7.5 System Layout
7.6 Hydraulic Design
7.7 Protection Against Floodwaters
7.8 Wastewater Pump Stations
7.9 Inflow/Infiltration and Exfiltration
Stormwater Management
7.10 Rainfall
7.11 Runoff
7.12 Collection and Conveyance
7.13 Storm Inlets
7.14 Stable Channel Design
7.15 Best Management Practices
7.16 Detention Pond Design
7.17 Retention Pond Design
7.18 Sustainability and Low Impact Development
7.19 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modeling
Problems
References
Chapter 8 Water Quality
Microbiological Quality
8.1 Waterborne Diseases
8.2 Coliform Bacteria as Indicator Organisms
8.3 Monitoring Drinking Water for Pathogens
Chemical Quality of Drinking Water
8.4 Assessment of Chemical Quality
8.5 Chemical Contaminants
Quality Criteria for Surface Waters
8.6 Water Quality Standards
8.7 Pollution Effects on Aquatic Life
8.8 Conventional Water Pollutants
8.9 Toxic Water Pollutants
Selected Pollution Parameters
8.10 Total and Suspended Solids
8.11 Biochemical and Chemical Oxygen Demands
8.12 Coliform Bacteria
Problems
References
Chapter 9 Systems for Treating Wastewater and Water
Wastewater Treatment Systems
9.1 Purpose of Wastewater Treatment
9.2 Selection of Treatment Processes
Water Treatment Systems
9.3 Water Sources
9.4 Selection of Water Treatment Processes
9.5 Types of Water Treatment Systems
9.6 Water-Processing Residuals
Chapter 10 Physical Treatment Processes
Flow-Measuring Devices
10.1 Measurement of Water Flow
10.2 Measurement of Wastewater Flow
Screening Devices
10.3 Water-Intake Screens
10.4 Screens in Wastewater Treatment
10.5 Shredding Devices
Mixing and Flocculation
10.6 Rapid Mixing
10.7 Flocculation
Sedimentation
10.8 Fundamentals of Sedimentation
10.9 Types of Clarifiers
10.10 Sedimentation in Water Treatment
10.11 Sedimentation in Wastewater Treatment
10.12 Grit Chambers in Wastewater Treatment
Filtration
10.13 Gravity Granular-Media Filtration
10.14 Description of a Typical Gravity Filter System
10.15 Flow Control Through Gravity Filters
10.16 Head Losses Through Filter Media
10.17 Backwashing and Media Fluidization
10.18 Pressure Filters
10.19 Membrane Filtration
Problems
References
Chapter 11 Chemical Treatment Processes
Chemical Considerations
11.1 Inorganic Chemicals and Compounds
11.2 Chemical Equilibria
11.3 Hydrogen Ion Concentration
11.4 Alkalinity and pH Relationships
11.5 Ways of Shifting Chemical Equilibria
11.6 Chemical Kinetics
Reactions in Continuous-Flow Systems - Real and Ideal Reactors
11.7 Mass Balance Analysis
11.8 Residence Time Distribution
11.9 Ideal Reactors
11.10 Real Reactors
Coagulation
11.11 Colloidal Dispersions
11.12 Natural Organic Matter
11.13 Coagulation Process
11.14 Coagulants
Water Softening
11.15 Chemistry of Lime-Soda Ash Process
11.16 Process Variations in Lime-Soda Ash Softening
11.17 Other Methods of Water Softening
Iron and Manganese Removal
11.18 Chemistry of Iron and Manganese
11.19 Preventive Treatment
11.20 Iron and Manganese Removal Processes
Disinfection and By-Product Formation
11.21 Chlorine and Chloramines
11.22 Chlorine Dioxide
11.23 Ozone
11.24 Ultraviolet Radiation
11.25 Disinfection By-Products
11.26 Control of Disinfection By-Products
11.27 Disinfection/Disinfection By-Products Rule
Disinfection of Potable Water
11.28 Concept of the Product
11.29 Surface Water Disinfection
11.30 Groundwater Disinfection
Disinfection of Wastewater
11.31 Conventional Effluent Disinfection
11.32 Tertiary Effluent Disinfection
Taste and Odor
11.33 Control of Taste and Odor
Fluoridation
11.34 Fluoridation
Corrosion and Corrosion Control
11.35 Electrochemical Mechanism of Iron Corrosion
11.36 Corrosion of Lead Pipe and Solder
11.37 Corrosion of Sewer Pipes
Membrane Processes
11.38 Membrane Filtration
11.39 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration
Volatile Organic Chemical Removal
11.40 Design of Air-Stripping Towers
Synthetic Organic Chemical Removal
11.41 Activated Carbon Adsorption
11.42 Granular Activated Carbon Systems
Reduction of Dissolved Salts
11.43 Distillation of Seawater
11.44 Ion Exchange
Problems
References
Chapter 12 Biological Treatment Processes
Biological Considerations
12.1 Bacteria and Fungi
12.2 Algae
12.3 Protozoa and Higher Animals
12.4 Metabolism, Energy, and Synthesis
12.5 Enzyme Kinetics
12.6 Growth Kinetics of Pure Bacterial Cultures
12.7 Biological Growth in Wastewater Treatment
12.8 Factors Affecting Growth
12.9 Population Dynamics
Characteristics of Wastewater
12.10 Flow and Strength Variations
12.11 Composition of Wastewater
Trickling (Biological) Filters
12.12 Biological Process in Trickling Filtration
12.13 Trickling-Filter Operation and Filter Media Requirements
12.14 Trickling-Filter Secondary Systems
12.15 Efficiency Equations for Stone-Media Trickling Filters
12.16 Efficiency Equations for Plastic-Media Trickling Filters
12.17 Combined Trickling-Filter and Activated-Sludge Processes
12.18 Description of Rotating Biological Contactor Media and Process
Activated Sludge
12.19 BOD Loadings and Aeration Periods
12.20 Operation of Activated-Sludge Processes
12.21 Activated-Sludge Treatment Systems
12.22 Kinetics Model of the Activated-Sludge Process
12.23 Laboratory Determination of Kinetic Constants
12.24 Application of the Kinetics Model in Process Design
12.25 Oxygen Transfer and Oxygenation Requirements
12.26 Determination of Oxygen Transfer Coefficients
Stabilization Ponds
12.27 Description of a Facultative Pond
12.28 BOD Loadings of Facultative Ponds
12.29 Advantages and Disadvantages of Stabilization Ponds
12.30 Completely Mixed Aerated Lagoons
Odor Control
12.31 Sources of Odors in Wastewater Treatment
12.32 Methods of Odor Control
Individual On-Site Wastewater Disposal
12.33 Septic Tank-Absorption Field System
Marine Wastewater Disposal
12.34 Ocean Outfalls
Problems
References
Chapter 13 Processing of Sludges
Sources, Characteristics, and Quantities of Waste Sludges
13.1 Weight and Volume Relationships
13.2 Characteristics and Quantities of Wastewater Sludges
13.3 Characteristics and Quantities of Water-Processing Sludges
Arrangement of Unit Processes in Sludge Disposal
13.4 Selection of Processes for Wastewater Sludges
13.5 Selection of Processes for Water Treatment Sludges
Gravity Thickening
13.6 Gravity Sludge Thickeners in Wastewater Treatment
13.7 Gravity Sludge Thickeners in Water Treatment
Gravity Belt Thickening
13.8 Description of a Gravity Belt Thickener
13.9 Layout of a Gravity Belt Thickener System
13.10 Sizing of Gravity Belt Thickeners
Flotation Thickening
13.11 Description of Dissolved-Air Flotation
13.12 Design of Dissolved-Air Flotation Units
Biological Sludge Digestion
13.13 Anaerobic Sludge Digestion
13.14 Single-Stage Floating-Cover Digesters
13.15 High-Rate (Completely Mixed) Digesters
13.16 Volatile Solids Loadings and Digester Capacity
13.17 Aerobic Sludge Digestion
13.18 Open-Air Drying Beds
13.19 Composting
Pressure Filtration
13.20 Description of Belt Filter Press Dewatering
13.21 Application of Belt Filter Dewatering
13.22 Sizing of Belt Filter Presses
13.23 Description of Filter Press Dewatering
13.24 Application of Pressure Filtration
Centrifugation
13.25 Description of Centrifugation
13.26 Applications of Centrifugation
Cycling of Waste Solids in Treatment Plants
13.27 Suspended-Solids Removal Efficiency
Final Disposal or Use
13.28 Land Application
13.29 Codisposal in a Municipal Solid-Waste Landfill
13.30 Surface Land Disposal
Problems
References
Chapter 14 Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes and Water Reuse
Limitations of Secondary Treatment
14.1 Effluent Standards
14.2 Flow Equalization
Selection of Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes
14.3 Selecting and Combining Unit Processes
Suspended-Solids Removal
14.4 Granular-Media Filtration
14.5 Direct Filtration with Chemical Coagulation
Carbon Adsorption
14.6 Granular-Carbon Columns
14.7 Activated-Sludge Treatment with Powdered Activated Carbon
Phosphorus Removal
14.8 Biological Phosphorus Removal
14.9 Biological-Chemical Phosphorus Removal
14.10 Tracing Phosphorus Through Treatment Processes
Nitrogen Removal
14.11 Tracing Nitrogen Through Treatment Processes
14.12 Biological Nitrification
14.13 Biological Denitrification
14.14 Single-Sludge Biological Nitrification-Denitrification
Water Reuse
14.15 Water Quality and Reuse Applications
14.16 Agricultural Irrigation
14.17 Agricultural Irrigation Reuse, Tallahassee, Florida
14.18 Citrus Irrigation and Groundwater Recharge, Orange County and City of Orlando, Florida
14.19 Urban Reuse
14.20 Urban Reuse, St. Petersburg, Florida
14.21 Indirect Reuse to Augment Drinking Water Supply
14.22 Fred Hervey Water Reclamation Plant, El Paso, Texas
14.23 Direct Injection for Potable Supply, El Paso, Texas
14.24 Water Factory 21 and Groundwater Replenishment System, Orange County, California
Problems
References
Appendix
Index
