?INTRODUCTION: The size and organization of the legion - campaign attrition - From maniple to cohort: the cohort's functional identity - command structure - Basic battle formations - Intervals in the battle line: control and cohesion - the - interval as a channel for attack and a defensive trap - the size of intervals * LEGIONARY BATTLE LINES AND MANOEUVRES: Simplex acies: Forum Gallorum, 43 BC - Ruspina, 46 BC - Carrhae, 53 BC: disastrous result of the abandonment of the simplex acies - Duplex acies: Ilerda, 49 BC - Maximinus' agmen quadratum, AD 238 - Arrian's array against the Alans, AD 135 - Triplex and quadruplex acies: Ilerda, 49 BC - the {muthul}, 109 BC - Chaeronea, 86 BC - Pistoria, 62 BC - Caesar in Gaul, 58 BC - Pharsalus, 48 BC: the devotio - Uzzita, 46 BC - the Rhyndacus, 85 BC: use of field entrenchments - Thapsus, 46 BC: mixed triplex and quadruplex acies - Second Philippi, 42 BC - Detached forces and surprise attacks: Tigranocerta, 69 BC - Aquae Sextiae, 102 BC: the morale value of noise - Lauron, 76 BC - Segovia, 75 BC: the refused centre - Downhill and uphill charges: Mts Armanus & Gindarus, 39 & 38 BC - Ilerda and Dyrrachium, 49 and 48 BC - First Philippi, 42 BC - Mons Graupius, 84 AD *OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE FORMATIONS: The cuneus and 'pig's head': use at Bonn, AD 69 - in Britain, AD 61 - at Cremona, AD 69 - The orbis: use at Cirta, 105 BC - by Sabinus and Cotta, 54 BC - by Caesar in Britain, 55 BC - by Chariovalda in Germany, AD 16 - by legio XXXVI at Nicopolis, 47 BC - at Adretum, AD 9 - on the Danube, AD 173/174 - The testudo: use at Issus, AD 194 - at Daphne, AD 272 - at Cremona, AD 69 - The agmen quadratum and testudo: in Mark Antony's retreat from Media, 36 BC - failure against Ardashir, AD 233 *EPILOGUE: Adrianople, AD 313 - Ctesiphon, AD 363 *REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING*PLATE COMMENTARIES*INDEX
