Maps Studying with Maps Preface Note on the Dates and Spellings About the Authors PART ONE: From Human Origins to Early Agricultural Centers, Prehistory-600 BCE Chapter 1. The African Origins of Humanity, Prehistory-10,000 BCE The Origins of Humanity -Hominins: No Longer Chimpanzees but Not Yet Human Human Adaptations: From Africa to Eurasia and Australia -The African Origins of Human Culture -Migration from South Asia to Australia -Migration from Asia to Europe The Ice Age Crisis and Human Migration to the Americas -The Ice Age Patterns Up Close: The Disappearance of Neanderthals Putting It All Together Against the Grain: The Hobbits of Flores Island Chapter 2. Agrarian-Urban Centers of the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean, 11,500-600 BCE Agrarian Origins in the Fertile Crescent, ca. 11,500-1500 BCE -Sedentary Foragers and Foraging Farmers -The Origin of Urban Centers in Mesopotamia and Egypt Patterns Up Close: Babylonian Law Codes Interactions among Multiethnic and Multireligious Empires, ca. 1500-600 BCE -The Hittite and Assyrian Empires, 1600-600 BCE -Small Kingdoms on the Imperial Margins, 1600-600 BCE Religious Experience and Cultural Achievements Putting It All Together Against the Grain: Akhenaten the Transgressor Chapter 3. Shifting Agrarian Centers in India, 3000-600 BCE The Vanished Origins of Harappa, 3000-1500 BCE -The Region and People -Adapting to Urban Life in the Indus Valley -The Collapse of the Cities Interactions in Northern India, 1500-600 BCE -The Vedic World, 1750-800 BCE -Statecraft and the Ideology of Power, 800-600 BCE Patterns Up Close:-The Caste System Indian Society, Culture, and Religion, 1500-600 BCE -Society and Family in Ancient India -Cultural Interactions to 600 BCE Putting It All Together Against the Grain: A Merchants' Empire? Chapter 4. Agrarian Centers and the Mandate of Heaven in Ancient China, 5000-481 BCE The Origins of Yellow River Cultures, 5000-1766 BCE -Geography and Climate -The Origins of Neolithic Cultures -The Age of Myth and the Xia Dynasty, 2852-1766 BCE The Interactions of Shang and Zhou History and Politics, 1766-481 BCE -The Shang Dynasty, 1766-1122 BCE -The Mandate of Heaven: The Zhou Dynasty to 481 BCE Patterns Up Close: The Chinese Writing System Economy, Society, and Family Adaptation in Ancient China -Shang Society -Interactions of Zhou Economy and Society -Gender and the Family Interactions of Religion, Culture, and Intellectual Life in Ancient China -Oracle Bones and Early Chinese Writing -Adaptations of Zhou Religion, Technology, and Culture Putting It All Together Against the Grain: Women's Voices Chapter 5: Origins Apart: The Americas and Oceania, 30,000-600 BCE The Americas: Hunters and Foragers, 30,000-600 BCE -The Environment -Human Migrations Agriculture, Villages, and Urban Life -The Neolithic Revolution in the New World -The Origins of Urban Life Patterns Up Close: The Origin of Corn -The First Mesoamerican Settlements -Foraging and Farming Societies Outside the Andes and Mesoamerica The Origins of Pacific Island Migrations -Lapita and Cultural Origins -Creating Polynesia Putting It All Together Against the Grain: Thor Heyerdahl PART TWO: The Age of Empires and Visionaries, 600 BCE-600 CE Chapter 6. Chiefdoms and Early States in Africa and the Americas, 600 BCE-600 CE Agriculture and Early African Kingdoms -Saharan Villages, Towns, and Kingdoms -The Kingdom of Aksum The Spread of Villages in Sub-Saharan Africa -West African Savanna and Rain-Forest Agriculture -The Spread of Village Life to East and South Africa -Patterns of African History, 600 BCE-600 CE Early States in Mesoamerica: Maya Kingdoms and Teotihuacan -The Maya Kingdoms in Southern Mesoamerica -The Kingdom of Teotihuacan in the Mexican Basin Patterns Up Close: The Mayan Ball Game The Andes: Moche and Nazca -The Moche in Northern Peru -Paracas and the Nazca in Southern Peru Putting It All Together Against the Grain: Nazca Lines and Speculation Chapter 7. Innovation and Adaptation in Western Eurasia: Persia, Greece, and Rome, 550 BCE-600 CE Interactions between Persia and Greece -The Origins of the Achaemenid Persian Empire -Greek City-States in the Persian Shadow -Alexander's Empire and Its Successor Kingdoms Interactions between the Persian and Roman Empires -Parthian Persia and Rome -The Sasanid Persian and Late Roman Empires Patterns Up Close: The Plague of Justinian Adaptations to Monotheism and Monism in the Middle East -Challenge to Polytheism: The Origins of Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Greek Philosophy -Toward Religious Communities and Philosophical Schools The Beginnings of Science and the Cultures of Kings and Citizens -The Sciences at the Library of Alexandria -Royal Persian Culture and Arts -Greek and Roman Civic Culture and Arts Putting It All Together Against the Grain: Women in Democratic Athens Chapter 8. Empires and Visionaries in India, 600 BCE-600 CE Patterns of State Formation in India: Republics, Kingdoms, and Empires -The Road to Empire: The Mauryas -The Classical Age: The Gupta Empire -The Southern Kingdoms, ca. 300-600 CE The Vedic Tradition and Its Visionary Reformers -Reforming the Vedic Tradition -The Maturity of Hinduism: From the Abstract to the Devotional Stability amid Disorder: Economics, Family, and Society -Tax and Spend: Economics and Society -Caste, Family Life, and Gender Patterns Up Close: The Global Trade of Indian Pepper Strength in Numbers: Art, Literature, and Science Putting It All Together Against the Grain: India's Ancient Republics Chapter 9. China: Imperial Unification and Perfecting the Moral Order, 722 BCE-618 CE -Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism -The Qin Dynasty -The Han Dynasty Patterns Up Close: The Stirrup The Domestic Economy: Society, Family, and Gender -Industry and Commerce -Gender Roles Intellectual Trends, Aesthetics, Science, and Technology -Confucianism, Education, and History during the Han -Buddhism in China -Intellectual Life Putting It All Together Against the Grain: Yang Zhu and Mo Di PART THREE: The Formation of Religious Civilizations, 600-1450 CE Chapter 10. Islamic Civilization and Byzantium, 600-1300 CE The Formation of Islamic Religious Civilization -The Beginnings of Islam -Islamic Theology, Law, and Politics Eastern Christian Civilization in Byzantium -Byzantium's Difficult Beginnings -The Seljuk Invasion and the Crusades Islamic and Eastern Christian Civilizations at Their Height -State and Society in Mamluk Egypt -Byzantine Provincial and Central Organization -Commercial Relations from the Atlantic to the South China Sea Religion, Sciences, and the Arts in Two Religious Civilizations -Islamic Culture: Intellectual and Scientific Expressions -Artistic Expressions in Islamic Civilization -Learning and the Arts in Byzantium Patterns Up Close: Byzantine Icons and Islamic Miniatures Putting It All Together Against the Grain: Did Ibn Taymiyya Have a Screw Loose? Chapter 11. Innovation and Adaptation in the Western Christian World, 600-1450 CE The Formation of Christian Europe, 600-1000 -Frankish Gaul and Latin Christianity Recovery, Reform, and Innovation, 1000-1300 -The Political Recovery of Europe -The Economic and Social Recovery of Europe -Religious Reform and Expansion Patterns Up Close: The Gothic Cathedral -Intellectual and Cultural Developments Crisis and Creativity, 1300-1415 -The Calamitous Fourteenth Century -Signs of a New Era in the Fifteenth Century Putting It All Together Against the Grain: The Cathar Heresy Chapter 12. Contrasting Patterns in India, China, and Inner Asia, 600-1600 CE India: The Clash of Cultures -Buddhist and Hindu India after the Guptas -Islam in India, 711-1398 -Toward the Mughal Era, 1398-1450 Interactions and Adaptations: From Buddhism to Neo-Confucian Synthesis in China -Creating a Religious Civilization under the Tang -The Song and the Mongol Super-Empire, 960-1368 Patterns Up Close: Gunpowder -The Ming to 1450: The Quest for Stability -Society, Family, and Gender -Perceptions of Perfection: Intellectual, Scientific, and Cultural Life Putting It All Together Against the Grain: Empress Wu Chapter 13. Religious Civilizations Interacting: Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, 550-1500 CE Korea to 1450: Innovation from Above -People and Place: The Korean Environment -Conquest and Competition: History and Politics to 1598 -Economy, Society, and Family -Religion, Culture, and Intellectual Life Japan to 1450: Selective Interaction and Adaptation -The Island Refuge -Adaptation at Arm's Length: History and Politics Patterns Up Close: Printing -Economy, Society, and Family -Religion, Culture, and Intellectual Life Vietnam: Human Agency and State Building -The Setting and Neolithic Cultures -Economy, Society, and Family -Religion, Culture, and Intellectual Life Putting It All Together Against the Grain: Zen and Bushido Chapter 14. Patterns of State Formation in Africa, 600-1450 CE Christians and Muslims in the Northeast -Nubia in the Middle Nile Valley -Ethiopia in the Eastern Highlands Adaptation to Islam: City-States and Kingdoms in East and Southern Africa -The Swahili City-States on the East African Coast -Traditional Kingdoms in Southern and Central Africa -Central African Chiefdoms and Kingdoms Cultural Encounters: West African Traditions and Islam -The Kingdom of Ancient Ghana -The Empire of Mali Patterns Up Close: The Sculptures of Ife -Rain-Forest Kingdoms Putting It All Together Against the Grain: Sundiata's Rise to Power Chapter 15. The Rise of Empires in the Americas, 600-1550 CE The Legacy of Teotihuacan and the Toltecs in Mesoamerica -Militarism in the Mexican Basin -Late Maya States in Yucatan The Legacy of Tiwanaku and Wari in the Andes -The Expanding State of Tiwanaku -The Expanding City-State of Wari American Empires: Aztec and Inca Origins and Dominance -The Aztec Empire of Mesoamerica -The Inca Empire of the Andes Imperial Society and Culture -Imperial Capitals: Tenochtitlan and Cuzco -Power and Its Cultural Expressions Patterns Up Close: Human Sacrifice and Propaganda Putting It All Together Against the Grain: Amazon Rain Forest Civilizations PART FOUR: Interactions across the Globe, 1450-1750 Chapter 16. Western European Overseas Expansion and the Ottoman-Habsburg Struggle, 1450-1650 The Muslim-Christian Competition in the East and West, 1450-1600 -Iberian Christian Expansion, 1415-1498 -Rise of the Ottomans and Struggle with the Habsburgs for Dominance, 1300-1609 Patterns Up Close: Shipbuilding The Centralizing State: Origins and Interactions -State Transformation, Money, and Firearms Imperial Courts, Urban Festivities, and the Arts -The Ottoman Empire: Palaces, Festivities, and the Arts -The Spanish Habsburg Empire: Popular Festivities and the Arts Putting It All Together Against the Grain: Tilting at Windmills Chapter 17. The Renaissance, New Sciences, and Religious Wars in Europe, 1450-1750 Cultural Transformations: Renaissance, Baroque, and New Sciences -The Renaissance and Baroque Arts -The New Sciences -The New Sciences and Their Social Impact -The New Sciences: Philosophical Interpretations Centralizing States and Religious Upheavals -The Rise of Centralized Kingdoms Patterns Up Close: Mapping the World -The Protestant Reformation, State Churches, and Independent Congregations -Religious Wars and Political Restoration Putting It All Together Against the Grain: The Digger Movement Chapter 18. New Patterns in New Worlds: Colonialism and Indigenous Responses in the Americas, 1500-1800 The Colonial Americas: Europe's Warm-Weather Extension -The Conquest of Mexico and Peru -The Establishment of Colonial Institutions The Making of American Societies: Origins and Transformations -Exploitation of Mineral and Tropical Resources Patterns Up Close: The Columbian Exchange -Social Strata, Castes, and Ethnic Groups -The Adaptation of the Americas to European Culture Putting It All Together Against the Grain: Juana Ines de la Cruz Further Resources Credits Source Index Subject Index
