Contents
Preface ....................................................................................................................................................................xv
Author .................................................................................................................................................................. xvii
Chapter 1 Motion .......................................................................................................................................1
Position and Velocity ........................................................................................................1
Acceleration ...........................................................................................................................2
Quiz 1.1 ...............................................................................................................................3
Velocity as a Function of Time ...................................................................................3
Position as a Function of Time ...................................................................................4
Quiz 1.2 ...............................................................................................................................4
Two Objects ...........................................................................................................................5
Gravity .......................................................................................................................................6
Quiz 1.3 ...............................................................................................................................7
Chapter Summary ..............................................................................................................7
End-of-Chapter Questions ............................................................................................8
Additional Problems .........................................................................................................8
Chapter 2 Vectors .......................................................................................................................................9
Cartesian Coordinates ......................................................................................................9
Vector Components ....................................................................................................... 10
Quiz 2.1 .............................................................................................................................11
Adding Vectors...................................................................................................................11
Equations of Motion .......................................................................................................12
Quiz 2.2 ............................................................................................................................13
Launching a Projectile ...................................................................................................14
Hitting a Target ..................................................................................................................15
Quiz 2.3 ............................................................................................................................16
Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................16
End-of-Chapter Questions ..........................................................................................16
Additional Problems .......................................................................................................17
Chapter 3 Forces .......................................................................................................................................19
Force Causes Acceleration ..........................................................................................19
Gravity .................................................................................................................................... 20
Quiz 3.1 ............................................................................................................................ 21
Force between Two Objects .................................................................................... 21
Tension ...................................................................................................................................22
Quiz 3.2 ...........................................................................................................................23
Normal Force ......................................................................................................................23
Friction ...................................................................................................................................25
Quiz 3.3 ........................................................................................................................... 26
Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................... 26
End-of-Chapter Questions ......................................................................................... 26
Additional Problems ...................................................................................................... 27
Chapter 4 Applying Newton's Laws ............................................................................................ 29
Tension ................................................................................................................................... 29
Normal Force ......................................................................................................................30
Quiz 4.1 .............................................................................................................................31
Inclined Plane without Friction ................................................................................31
Inclined Plane with Friction ....................................................................................... 32
Quiz 4.2 ........................................................................................................................... 33
Simple Pulley ......................................................................................................................34
Atwood's Machine .......................................................................................................... 35
Quiz 4.3 ...........................................................................................................................36
Chapter Summary ...........................................................................................................36
End-of-Chapter Questions .........................................................................................36
Additional Problems ...................................................................................................... 37
Chapter 5 Circular Motion and Gravity ...................................................................................... 39
Centripetal Acceleration .............................................................................................. 39
Motion in a Horizontal Circle ....................................................................................40
Quiz 5.1 .............................................................................................................................41
Centripetal Friction Force ............................................................................................41
Motion in a Vertical Circle ........................................................................................... 42
Quiz 5.2 ........................................................................................................................... 43
Newton's Law of Gravity ............................................................................................. 43
Circular Orbits ....................................................................................................................44
Quiz 5.3 ........................................................................................................................... 45
Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................... 45
End-of-Chapter Questions .........................................................................................46
Additional Problems ......................................................................................................46
Chapter 6 Work and Energy .............................................................................................................. 47
Work ......................................................................................................................................... 47
Work and an Inclined Plane .......................................................................................48
Quiz 6.1 ............................................................................................................................ 49
Kinetic Energy .................................................................................................................... 49
Potential Energy ................................................................................................................ 50
Quiz 6.2 ............................................................................................................................51
Potential Energy of a Spring .......................................................................................51
Friction and Thermal Energy .................................................................................... 52
Quiz 6.3 ........................................................................................................................... 53
Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................... 53
End-of-Chapter Questions ......................................................................................... 53
Additional Problems ......................................................................................................54
Chapter 7 Rotational Motion ............................................................................................................ 55
Angular Velocity ............................................................................................................... 55
Rotational Kinetic Energy ............................................................................................56
Quiz 7.1 ............................................................................................................................ 57
Moment of Inertia ........................................................................................................... 57
Torque ..................................................................................................................................... 58
Quiz 7.2 ............................................................................................................................ 59
Turning a Wrench ............................................................................................................60
Angular Acceleration ......................................................................................................61
Quiz 7.3 ............................................................................................................................ 62
Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................... 63
End-of-Chapter Questions ......................................................................................... 63
Additional Problems ......................................................................................................64
Chapter 8 Momentum ......................................................................................................................... 67
Momentum and Impulse ............................................................................................ 67
Inelastic Collisions ............................................................................................................68
Quiz 8.1 ............................................................................................................................ 69
Elastic Collisions ................................................................................................................ 69
Angular Momentum ...................................................................................................... 70
Quiz 8.2 ........................................................................................................................... 70
Conservation of Angular Momentum ................................................................ 71
Spinning Disks ...................................................................................................................72
Quiz 8.3 ...........................................................................................................................73
Chapter Summary ...........................................................................................................73
End-of-Chapter Questions .........................................................................................73
Additional Problems .......................................................................................................74
Chapter 9 Oscillations and Waves ................................................................................................. 75
Hooke's Law ........................................................................................................................ 75
Oscillations ........................................................................................................................... 76
Quiz 9.1 ............................................................................................................................77
Mathematical Description .......................................................................................... 78
Traveling Waves ................................................................................................................ 79
Quiz 9.2 ...........................................................................................................................80
Standing Waves ................................................................................................................ 81
Interference ......................................................................................................................... 82
Quiz 9.3 ..................................................................................................................... 83
Chapter Summary ...........................................................................................................84
End-of-Chapter Questions .........................................................................................84
Additional Problems ......................................................................................................84
Chapter 10 Fluids ....................................................................................................................................... 87
Pressure .................................................................................................................................. 87
Static Fluids ..........................................................................................................................88
Quiz 10.1 .........................................................................................................................89
Buoyancy ..............................................................................................................................90
Moving Fluids ..................................................................................................................... 91
Quiz 10.2 ......................................................................................................................... 92
Bernoulli's Equation ........................................................................................................ 92
Streamlines .......................................................................................................................... 93
Quiz 10.3 .........................................................................................................................94
Chapter Summary ...........................................................................................................95
End-of-Chapter Questions .........................................................................................95
Additional Problems ......................................................................................................96
Chapter 11 Thermo dynamics ............................................................................................................ 97
Ideal Gas Law...................................................................................................................... 97
Thermal Energy .................................................................................................................98
Quiz 11.1 ..........................................................................................................................99
Work and Heat ...................................................................................................................99
Energy Conservation ...................................................................................................100
Quiz 11.2 .......................................................................................................................101
Heat Engines .....................................................................................................................101
Entropy .................................................................................................................................103
Quiz 11.3 .......................................................................................................................104
Chapter Summary .........................................................................................................104
End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................104
Additional Problems ....................................................................................................105
Chapter 12 Electric Fields and Forces ..........................................................................................107
The Coulomb Force......................................................................................................107
Forces and Angles .........................................................................................................108
Quiz 12.1 .......................................................................................................................109
Electric Field ......................................................................................................................109
Electric Fields and Angles ......................................................................................... 110
Quiz 12.2 ....................................................................................................................... 112
Adding Electric Field Vectors.................................................................................. 112
Deflecting a Charged Particle ................................................................................ 114
Quiz 12.3 ....................................................................................................................... 115
Chapter Summary ......................................................................................................... 115
End-of-Chapter Questions ....................................................................................... 115
Additional Problems .................................................................................................... 116
Chapter 13 Electric Potential ............................................................................................................. 119
Relation to Potential Energy .................................................................................... 119
Uniform Electric Field ..................................................................................................120
Quiz 13.1 .......................................................................................................................121
Potential Due to a Point Charge ...........................................................................121
Potential Due to Several Point Charges............................................................122
Quiz 13.2 .......................................................................................................................123
Conductors ........................................................................................................................124
Insulators and Capacitors ..........................................................................................125
Quiz 13.3 .......................................................................................................................126
Chapter Summary .........................................................................................................126
End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................127
Additional Problems ....................................................................................................127
Chapter 14 Electrical Circuits ............................................................................................................129
Current and Ohm's Law .............................................................................................129
Power ....................................................................................................................................130
Quiz 14.1 .......................................................................................................................130
Resistors in Series ........................................................................................................... 131
Resistors in Parallel ........................................................................................................132
Quiz 14.2 .......................................................................................................................133
Kirchoff's Loop Rule ......................................................................................................133
Kirchoff's Current Rule.................................................................................................135
Quiz 14.3 .......................................................................................................................136
Chapter Summary .........................................................................................................137
End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................138
Additional Problems ....................................................................................................139
Chapter 15 Magnetic Fields and Forces .....................................................................................141
Magnets...............................................................................................................................141
Ferromagnetism .............................................................................................................142
Quiz 15.1 .......................................................................................................................144
Ampere's Law ...................................................................................................................145
Current Loops ..................................................................................................................147
Quiz 15.2 .......................................................................................................................148
Forces Due to B Fields .................................................................................................148
Force on a Wire ...............................................................................................................150
Quiz 15.3 ....................................................................................................................... 151
Chapter Summary .........................................................................................................152
End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................152
Additional Problems ....................................................................................................153
Chapter 16 Electro magnetic Induction ......................................................................................155
Magnetic Flux ..................................................................................................................155
Lenz's Law ..........................................................................................................................156
Quiz 16.1 .......................................................................................................................157
Faraday's Law ...................................................................................................................158
Examples of Induction ...............................................................................................159
Quiz 16.2 .......................................................................................................................160
Generators .........................................................................................................................161
Transformers .....................................................................................................................162
Quiz 16.3 .......................................................................................................................163
Chapter Summary .........................................................................................................163
End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................163
Additional Problems ....................................................................................................164
Chapter 17 Electro magnetic Waves .............................................................................................167
Wave Properties ..............................................................................................................167
Polarization ........................................................................................................................168
Quiz 17.1 ........................................................................................................................170
Two-Slit Interference ....................................................................................................170
Single Slit and Circular Aperture ...........................................................................171
Quiz 17.2 ........................................................................................................................173
Reflection and Refraction .........................................................................................173
Thin Films............................................................................................................................175
Quiz 17.3 ........................................................................................................................176
Chapter Summary .........................................................................................................177
End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................177
Additional Problems ....................................................................................................178
Chapter 18 Optics ....................................................................................................................................181
Lenses ...................................................................................................................................181
The Lens Equation .........................................................................................................182
Quiz 18.1 .......................................................................................................................183
Magnifiers ...........................................................................................................................184
Microscopes ......................................................................................................................185
Quiz 18.2 .......................................................................................................................186
Telescopes ..........................................................................................................................186
Resolution ..........................................................................................................................187
Quiz 18.3 .......................................................................................................................188
Chapter Summary .........................................................................................................189
End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................189
Additional Problems ....................................................................................................190
Chapter 19 Relativity ..............................................................................................................................191
Relative Frames ...............................................................................................................191
Special Relativity ............................................................................................................192
Quiz 19.1........................................................................................................................192
Length Contraction ......................................................................................................193
Time Dilation ....................................................................................................................194
Quiz 19.2 .......................................................................................................................195
Energy ...................................................................................................................................195
Momentum .......................................................................................................................196
Quiz 19.3 .......................................................................................................................197
Chapter Summary .........................................................................................................197
End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................197
Additional Problems ....................................................................................................198
Chapter 20 Atoms and Nuclei ..........................................................................................................201
The Electron Volt ............................................................................................................201
The Bohr Model ..............................................................................................................202
Quiz 20.1 .......................................................................................................................203
Photons ................................................................................................................................203
Nuclei ....................................................................................................................................205
Quiz 20.2 ...................................................................................................................... 206
Atomic Mass ..................................................................................................................... 206
Radioactivity .....................................................................................................................207
Quiz 20.3 ...................................................................................................................... 208
Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................ 209
End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................210
Additional Problems ....................................................................................................210
Answers ............................................................................................................................................................213
Physical Constants ..................................................................................................................................237
Index ...................................................................................................................................................................239
