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Dialogues presents argument not as a battle to be won, but as a process of debate and deliberation --the exchange of opinions and ideas-- among people with different values and perspectives.
Preface
PART ONE Strategies for Reading and Writing Arguments
CHAPTER 1 Understanding Persuasion: Thinking Like a Negotiator
Argument
What Makes an Argument
The Uses of Argument
Debate
Moving from Debate to Dialogue
Dialogue
Deliberation
Deborah Tannen, Taking a `War of Words' Too Literally
Sample Arguments for Analysis
Michael Lewis, The Case Against Tipping
Paula Broadwell, Women Soldiers Crucial to US Mission
CHAPTER 2 Reading Arguments: Thinking Like a Critic
Why Read Critically?
Preview the Reading
Skim the Reading
Sample Arguments for Analysis
Henry Wechsler, Binge Drinking Must Be Stopped
Consider Your Own Experience
Annotate the Reading
Summarize the Reading
Analyze and Evaluate the Reading
Argue with the Reading
Create a Debate and Dialogue Between Two or More Readings
Sample Arguments for Analysis
Fromma Harrop, Stop Babysitting College Students (student essay)
Construct a Debate
Sample Arguments for Analysis
Kathryn Stewart and Corina Sole, Letter to the Editor from the Washington Post
James C. Carter, S. J., Letter to the Editor from the Times-Picayune
Deliberate About the Readings
Look for Logical Fallacies
CHAPTER 3 Finding Arguments: Thinking Like a Writer
The Writing Process
Finding Topics to Argue
Developing Argumentative Topics
Finding Ideas Worth Writing About
Refining Topics
Sample Arguments for Analysis
Stephanie Bower, What's the Rush? Speed Yields Mediocrity in Local Television News (student essay)
CHAPTER 4 Addressing Audiences: Thinking Like a Reader
The Target Audience
The General Audience
Guidelines for Knowing Your Audience
Adapting to Your Readers' Attitudes
Sample Arguments for Analysis
Derrick Jackson, Let's Ban All Flavors of Cigarettes
Gio Batta Gori, The Bogus 'Science' of Secondhand Smoke
Danise Cavallaro, Smoking: Offended by the Numbers (student essay)
Choosing Your Words
CHAPTER 5 Shaping Arguments: Thinking Like an Architect
Components of an Argument
Sample Arguments for Analysis
Clara Spotted Elk, Indian Bones
Analyzing the Structure
Sample Arguments for Analysis
Ron Karpati, I Am the Enemy
Analyzing the Structure
Two Basic Types for Arguments
Position Arguments
Sample Position Arguments for Analysis
Sean Flynn, Is Anything Private Anymore?
Analysis of a Sample Position Argument
Proposal Arguments
Sample Proposal Arguments for Analysis
Amanda Collins, Bring East Bridgewater Elementary into the World (student essay)
Analyzing the Structure
Narrative Arguments
Sample Narrative Arguments
Jerry Fensterman, I See Why Others Choose to Die
Analyzing the Structure
Analyzing the Narrative Features
CHAPTER 6 Using Evidence: Thinking Like an Advocate
How Much Evidence is Enough?
Why Arguments Need Supporting Evidence
Forms of Evidence
Kari Peterson, The Statistic Speaks: A Real Person's Argument for Universal Healthcare (student essay)
Different Interpretations of Evidence
S. Fred Singer, The Great Global Warming Swindle
Some Tips About Supporting Evidence
Sample Arguments for Analysis
Arthur Allen, Prayer in Prison: Religion as Rehabilitation
CHAPTER 7 Establishing Claims: Thinking Like a Skeptic
The Toulmin Model
Toulmin's Terms
Finding Warrants
Sample Arguments for Analysis
Steven Pinker, Why They Kill Their Newborns
An Analysis Based on the Toulmin Model
Michael Kelly, Arguing for Infanticide
Sample Student Argument for Analysis
Lowell Putnam, Did I Miss Something? (student essay)
CHAPTER 8 Using Visual Arguments: Thinking Like an Illustrator
Common Forms of Visual Arguments
Analyzing Visual Arguments
Art
Pablo Picasso's Guernica
Norman Rockwell's Freedom of Speech
Advertisements
Sample Ads for Analysis
Toyota Prius Ad
Fresh Step Cat Litter
Victoria's Dirty Secret
Editorial or Political Cartoons
Mike Luckovich's Let's Be Responsible Cartoon
Pat Bagley's Back in Aught-Five ... Cartoon
Daryl Cagle's I Hate Them Cartoon
News Photographs
Ancillary Graphics: Tables, Charts, and Graphs
Sample Student Argument for Analysis
Lee Innes, A Double Standard of Olympic Proportions (student essay)
CHAPTER 9 Researching Arguments: Thinking Like an Investigator
Sources of Information
A Search Strategy
Sample Entries for an Annotated Bibliography
Locating Sources
Evaluating Sources
Taking Notes
Drafting Your Paper
Revising and Editing Your Paper
Preparing and Proofreading Your Final Manuscript
Plagiarism
DOCUMENTATION GUIDE: MLA and APA Styles
Where Does the Documentation Go?
Documentation Style
A Brief Guide to MLA and APA Styles
SAMPLE RESEARCH PAPERS
Shannon O'Neill, Literature Hacked and Torn Apart: Censorship in Public Schools (MLA) (student essay)
Dan Hoskins, Tapped Out: Bottled Water's Detrimental Side (APA) (student essay)
PART TWO Essays and Readings
CHAPTER 10: Advertising and Consumerism
Targeting a New World
Joseph Turow
With budgets that add up to hundreds of billions of dollars, the [advertising] industry exceeds the church and the school in its ability to promote images about our place in society-where we belong, why, and how we should act toward others.
Which One of These Sneakers Is Me?
Doug Rushkoff
The battle in which our children are engaged seems to pass beneath our radar screens, in a language we don't understand. But we see the confusion and despair that results. How did we get in this predicament, and is there a way out?
Branded World: The Success of the Nike Logo
Michael Levine
How did Nike transform the category of sports footwear into the massive $14 billion business it is today? And how did it manage to grab an astounding 45 percent of the market by the year 2000.
The $100 Christmas
Bill McKibben
A small revolt takes hold in the author's New England hometown when a local minister proposes families celebrate a $100 holiday.
READING THE VISUAL: Bump
Spent: America After Consumerism
Amitai Etzioni
A culture in which the urge to consume dominates the psychology of citizens is a culture in which people will do most anything to acquire the means to consume...they will buy homes beyond their means and think nothing of running up credit-card debt.
The Design Imperative
Robert Horning
Thanks to this 'variety revolution,' once mundane products like toilet brushes, spatulas, and ice cube trays are now complemented by design so flamboyant that it's unmistakable even to the untrained consumer's eye, affording them an a-ha moment in which they can think to themselves, with some satisfaction, 'Wow, that toilet brush is cool.'
With These Words, I Can Sell You Anything
William Lutz
Advertisers use weasel words to appear to be making a claim for a product when in fact they are making no claim at all.
The Language of Advertising
Charles A. O'Neill
The language of advertising is a language of finely engineered, ruthlessly purposeful messages.
Sample Ads and Study Questions
CHAPTER 11: Gender Matters
Saplings in the Storm
Mary Pipher
Something dramatic happens to girls in early adolescence. Just as planes and ships disappear mysteriously into the Bermuda Triangle, so do the selves of girls go down in droves. They crash and burn in a social and developmental Bermuda Triangle.
The Bully in the Mirror
Stephen S. Hall
Tormented by an unattainable ideal, boys are learning what girls have long known: it isn't easy living in a Baywatch world.
READING THE VISUAL: NEDA Ad and BOD Ad
What I Think About the Fashion World
Liz Jones
We decided to publish two covers for the same edition [of Marie Claire]-one featuring Sophie Dahl, a size 12; the other, Pamela Anderson, a minute size 6-and we asked readers to chose . . . You would think that we had declared war.
Man-Child in the Promised Land Kay Hymowitz
Not so long ago, the average mid-twentysomething had achieved most of adulthood's milestones-high school degree, financial independence, marriage, and children. These days, he lingers-happily-in a new hybrid state of semi-hormonal adolescence and responsible self-reliance.
In the Combat Zone
Leslie Marmon Silko
It isn't height or weight or strength that makes women easy targets; from infancy women are taught to be self-sacrificing, passive victims.
Where the Boys Aren't
Melana Zyla Vickers
Here's a thought that's unlikely to occur to twelfth--grade girls as their college acceptances begin to trickle in: After they get to campus in the fall, one in four of them will be mathematically unable to find a male peer to go out with.
READING THE VISUAL: Don Reilly's Asking for Directions Cartoon
And May your First Child Be a Feminine Child
Aaron Traister
My buddies ribbed me about having a yucky girl baby. One friend went so far as to assure me my wife and I would only have girl babies for future pregnancies as well. It would be a plague on my house. When it turned out the curse had been lifted -- or, more precisely, that it never existed -- I admit: I crowed.
The Men We Carry in Our Minds
Scott Russell Sanders
When the women I met at college thought about the joys and privileges of men, they did not carry in their minds the sort of men I had known in my childhood.
Chapter 12 Church and State
The Wall That Never Was
Hugh Heclo
A hundred years ago, advanced thinkers were all but unanimous in dismissing religion as a relic of mankind's mental infancy. What's being dismissed today is the idea that humanity will outgrow religion.
Why We're Not One Nation Under God
David Greenberg
Since the founding, critics of America's secularism have repeatedly sought to break down the church-state wall.
READING THE VISUAL: Rob Rogers' Church and State Cartoon
God of Our Fathers
Walter Isaacson
Whenever an argument arises about the role that religion should play in our civic life, such as the dispute over the phrase `under God' in the Pledge of Allegiance... assertions about the faith of the founders are invariably bandied about.
Public Prayers on State Occasions Need Not Be Divisive or Generic
Charles Haynes
Since it's difficult to imagine any... president eliminating the tradition of opening and closing the inauguration with prayer, is there a way to pray that is genuine and yet somehow speaks to our nation's expanding diversity?
READING THE VISUAL: Church and State
What Happy Holidays?
Cathy Young
Peace on Earth? Forget it. Nowadays, Christmas is a battle in the culture wars.
Deck the Halls?
Bridget Samburg
The tension that we face is a larger tension about what the relationship of religion and state should be in America. We agree that the notion of a triumphant Christianity in society or in the classroom is inappropriate.
End the War on Christmas
Edward Grinnan
To proclaim the existence of a war on Christmas and then start fighting it, on both sides, is odious, whether it's an atheist taking umbrage over an innocuous nativity display or a Christian intolerant of any homogenization of the season.
Prayer and Creationism -- Met with Supreme Hostility
Stuart Taylor Jr.
It may now be unconstitutional for a public school teacher or student leader to recite the Pledge of Allegiance in class. Or at a football game. Or at a graduation. Or to recite the Declaration of Independence. Or to sing the national anthem.
A New Theology of Celebration
Francis S. Collins
As one of a large number of scientists who believe in God, I find it deeply troubling to watch the escalating culture wars between science and faith, especially in America.
Chapter 13 University Life
Diversity: The Value of Discomfort
Ronald D. Liebowitz
It is no longer adequate to understand only one's own culture.... To succeed in the 21st century you need to be multi-cultural, multi-national, and multi-operational in how you think. And you can only be multi-cultural, multi-national, and multi-operational if you feel comfortable with the notion of difference.
Who Should Get into College?
John H. McWhorter
Even as we seek diversity in the worthy, we must recognize that students need to be able to excel at college-level studies. Nobody wins, after all, when a young man or woman of whatever color, unprepared for the academic rigors of a top university, flunks out.
What's Wrong with Vocational School?
Charles Murray
[Unqualified students] are in college to improve their chances of making a good living. What they really need is vocational training. But nobody will say so, because `vocational training' is second class. `College' is first class.
Welcome to the Fun-Free University
David Weigel
Many college administrators throughout the country are taking great pains to keep their students under tight control. The return of in loco parentis is killing student freedom.
Parental Notification: Fact or Fiction
Joel Epstein
On campuses across the country, inebriated students are being written up and told that under a newly enacted disciplinary policy their parents will be notified. Can a school really confront student drinking in this manner?
A's for Everyone!
Alicia Shepard
The students were relentless. They showed up at my office to insist I reread their papers and boost their grades. They asked to retake tests they hadn't done well on. They bombarded me with e-mails questioning grades. What was going on?
READING THE VISUAL: The Gazette's Passive Activism Ideal Cartoon
What's the Matter with College?
Rick Perlstein
College campuses seem to have lost their centrality. Why do college and college students no longer lead the culture? Why does student life no longer seem all that important? Here's one answer: College as America used to understand it is coming to an end.
The Post-Everything Generation
Nicholas Handler
On campus, we sign petitions, join organizations, put our names on mailing lists, make small-money contributions, volunteer a spare hour to tutor, and sport an entire wardrobe's worth of Live Strong bracelets advertising our moderately priced opposition to everything from breast cancer to global warming. But what do we really stand for?
Chapter 14 Race and Ethnicity
The Myth of the Latina Woman
Judith Ortiz Cofer
There are... thousands of Latinas without the privilege of an education or the entree into society that I have. For them life is a struggle against the misconceptions perpetuated by the myth of the Latina as whore, domestic or criminal.
Leaving Race Behind
Amitai Etzioni
I refused to check off one of the specific racial options on the U.S. Census form and instead marked a box labeled 'Other.' I later found out that the federal government assigned me to a racial category. Learning this made me conjure up what I admit is a far-fetched association. I was in this place once before...when I was a Jewish child in Nazi Germany.
Who Is a Whiz-Kid?
Ted Gup
Stereotypes that hint at superiority in one race implicitly suggest inferiority in another. They are ultimately divisive, and in their most virulent form, even deadly.
Why Racial Profiling Makes for Dumb Security
Ahmed Rehab
The racial profiling argument is lazy and unimaginative; most of all it is irresponsible because it evades the real problem starring us in the face: a fatal breakdown in communication between our intelligence units.
READING THE VISUAL Chief Wahoo
You Can't Judge a Crook by His Color
Randall Kennedy
Racial profiling may be justified, but is it still wrong?
READING THE VISUAL: Pulling Teeth
American Civil Liberties Union
Welcome to the Dollhouse
Francie Latour
Is it really fair to expect a toy conglomerate to be at the vanguard of ideas about race and beauty? For that, we would presumably look to real black women leaders. And when we look up to them, what we find is more straight hair. Actually, straight hair with blinding sheen.
Our Biracial President
James Hannaham
But both radical leftists and radical right-wingers need to understand the same thing: Obama is not Malcolm X. He's not even Kanye West.
Chapter 15 Passing the Buck: Our Economy in Crisis?
How the Crash Will Reshape America
Richard Florida
No place in the United States is likely to escape a long and deep recession. As the crisis deepens, it will permanently and profoundly alter the country's economic landscape. I believe it marks the end of a chapter in American economic history, and indeed, the end of a whole way of life.
Saving Yourself
Daniel Akst
Unfortunately, for a people who love money, we've become very good at making it disappear, a task to which we've brought characteristic ingenuity and verve. Reckless overspending was until recently a course open to practically every American, just like reckless investing.
Let It Die
Douglas Rushkoff
With any luck, the economy will never recover. Alas, I'm not being sarcastic. If you had spent the last decade, as I have, reviewing the way a centralized economic plan ravaged the real world over the past 500 years, you would appreciate the current financial meltdown for what it is: a comeuppance.
READING THE VISUAL:Scenes from the Depression
Generation Debt
Anya Kamenetz
If you look at where public resources are directed-toward the already wealthy, toward building prisons and expanding the military, away from education and jobs programs-it is easy to see a prejudice against young people as a class.
Millennials' Heads Under a Rock
Ed Schipul
The GI generation, by all accounts, appears to have raised one of the biggest groups of spoiled kids our country has ever seen. The Baby Boomers. And the Boomers are burying the Millennial generation and their grandkids in debt and chaos. And that seems wrong to this Gen X'er.
Recession a Dose of Reality for Young Workers
Megan K. Scott
Why don't they want to hire me? I went through four years of college, graduated. You get praised while you are working and then all the sudden you are not employable.
Maxed Out
James D. Scurlock
Janne O'Donnell remembers when she took her took her son Sean to college. As they carried Sean's belongings across campus, she noticed a number of tables advertising credit cards. 'But I didn't worry,' she recalls. 'Sean was 18, he didn't have a job. Who would give him a credit card?'
Why Won't Anyone Give Me a Credit Card?
Kevin O'Donnell
My quest for credit is a paradoxical one: How can I establish a credit history when banks won't let me create one in the first place?
Chapter 16 Our Lives Online
Is Google Making Us Stoopid?
Nicolas Carr
Over the past few years I've had an uncomfortable sense that someone, or something, has been tinkering with my brain, remapping the neural circuitry, reprogramming the memory. My mind isn't going-so far as I can tell-but it's changing.
In the Beginning Was the Word
Christine Rosen
Screen technologies such as the cell phone and laptop computer that are supposedly revolutionizing reading also potentially offer us greater control over our time. In practice, however, they have increased our anxiety about having too little of it by making us available anytime and anywhere.
My Facebook, My Self
Jessica Helfand
Who is to say what's right or wrong, what's appropriate or not, what's shared, what's seen, what's hidden? But as projections of ourselves, a Facebook identity, made manifest through a person's posted photo albums, inhabits a public trajectory that goes way beyond who and what we are. And it all starts with what-and more critically, who-we actually show.
Scientific Proof in an Age of Wikipedia
TJ Kelleher
Wikipedia. Much of the world thinks of it as an indispensable first step for researching anything, but it still has its critics: Some have called Wikipedia 'a public toilet' and its editorial style 'digital Maoism.'
Three Tweets for the Web
Tyler Cowen
The printed word is not dead. But we are clearly in the midst of a cultural transformation. There is no question that books are becoming less central to our cultural life.
READING THE VISUAL:Marty Bucella's My Kids, MySpaceCartoon
Treading Water in a Sea of Data
Peter Suderman
We have entered the age of push technologies. But the problem is that they turn out to be, well, pushy.
Facebook Sees Dead People
Sandip Roy
When William showed up as a suggested friend on Facebook I almost clicked on the link. Then I remembered I had gotten a mail about his memorial service months ago. In the eternal sunshine of Facebook's mind we could still become friends.
Facebook, the Mean Girls, and Me
Taffy Brodesser-Akner
Am I pathetic? Maybe. But what I also am, finally, is a popular seventh-grader. I think of my younger self, eating her lunch alone, wondering when this agony will be over. I wish I could tell her I haven't forgotten about her. I wish I could tell her I've made it OK.
Chapter 17 Human Rights and Wrongs
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
General Assembly of the United Nations
The full text of the historic Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted and proclaimed in 1948 by the General Assembly of the United Nations is presented.
Don't Close Gitmo
Judith Miller
It's time for the Obama administration to acknowledge that Gitmo, or another center like it, will be needed as long as the War on Terror-no matter what our commander-in-chief calls it-endures.
The Torture Memos
Noam Chomsky
Historical amnesia is a dangerous phenomenon, not only because it undermines moral and intellectual integrity, but also because it lays the groundwork for crimes that lie ahead.
The Meaning of Freedom
The Economist
Western governments, and decent people everywhere, should try to ensure that the things they say do not entrench religious prejudice or incite acts of violence; being free to give offence does not mean you are wise to give offence. But no state, and certainly no body that calls itself a Human Rights Council, should trample on the right to free speech enshrined in the Universal Declaration.
READING THE VISUAL:Piero Tonin's Media Blitz Cartoon
The Detention Debacle
Arlene Roberts
Across the nation detention facilities are run by private companies that are not held accountable for what transpires within the confines of their facilities. As a result, former detainees recount tales of horror and abuse.
Statement from Marlene Jaggernauth, Women's Refugee Commission
Had I not personally experienced detention, I would never have believed such inhumane conditions existed in the United States. I was trapped in a cruel unjust system, and I could only watch, powerless, as lives unraveled around me.
Immigration Quotas vs. Individual Rights: The Moral and Practical Case for Open Immigration
Harry Binswanger
A foreigner has rights just as much as an American. To be a foreigner is not to be a criminal. Yet our government treats as criminals those foreigners not lucky enough to win the green-card lottery.
Why Feminism is AWOL on Islam
Kay S. Hymowitz
Argue all you want with many feminist policies, but few quarrel with feminism's core moral insight, which changed the lives (and minds) of women forever: that women are due the same rights and dignity as men. So, as news of the appalling miseries of women in the Islamic world has piled up, where are the feminists? Where's the outrage?
Credits
Index