Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxiii
About the Author xxv
Part I: Making the Case for Coalitions and Partnerships 1
1 Historical Perspective of Coalitions 3
Cooperation and Settlement in Early America 3
The Development of Associations 4
Community Organizing for Social Change: Trade Unions, Settlement Houses, and Neighborhood and Community Development 5
Social Work Approach 6
Political Activist Approach 7
Neighborhood-Maintenance, or Community-Development, Approach 8
Contemporary Efforts and Models of Social Action Community Organizing 10
Contemporary Roots of Coalitions and Partnerships for Health Promotion 12
Community Development 12
Citizen Participation 12
Empowerment 13
Community Capacity 14
Community Competence 15
Social Capital 15
Coalitions: A Public Health Strategy to Build Capable, Competent Communities 16
The Rise of Coalitions (1990-2006) 17
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Abuse Prevention 17
Immunization Promotion 19
Oral Health Promotion 19
Teen Pregnancy Prevention 20
Injury Prevention 20
HIV/AIDS Prevention 20
Promoting Health Insurance 21
Prevention of Chronic Disease: Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and Diabetes 21
Asthma 22
Multiple Health Issue Coalitions: Turning Point Initiative 23
Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) 2010 23
Steps to a HealthierUS 24
Summary 24
Questions for Review 25
2 Principles of Collaboration and Partnering: Coalitions Defined 26
Defining Collaboration 26
Intensity and Levels of Collaborative Work 27
What's in a Name? 29
Models of Collaboration 30
What Makes a Coalition a Coalition? 31
Types of Coalitions 32
How Community Coalitions Differ from Other Types of Coalitions 34
Community Coalitions 34
State Coalitions 34
Regional or National Coalitions 36
Competing Coalitions 36
Coalition Spotlight: Changing with the Times-The Consortium for Infant and Child Health (CINCH) 37
Summary 38
Questions for Review 38
3 Why Coalitions? 49
Why Coalitions Form 49
The Importance of Community Context 51
Benefits of a Coalition Approach 53
Challenges of a Coalition Approach 55
Applying Democratic Principles to Coalition Building 57
When Coalitions Are Not the Solution 58
To Be or Not to Be? Should Coalitions Ever Disband? 59
Summary 60
Questions for Review 60
4 The Community Coalition Action Theory (CCAT) 61
The Community Coalition Action Theory (CCAT): Origin and Roots 62
Coalition Frameworks and Models 62
Community Organization and Development Model 62
Framework for Partnerships for Community Development 63
Framework of Organizational Viability 64
Community Coalition Model 65
Work Group on Health Promotion and Community Development Model 67
The Collaboration Framework 68
Typology of Community Organization and Community Building 69
The Conceptual Framework for Coalition Assessment 69
Model of Community Health Governance 69
Community Coalition Action Theory: Assumptions and Constructs 71
Outline of the CCAT Theory 71
Empirical Support for the CCAT Theory 76
Stages of Development 76
Community Context 77
Lead Agency or Convener Group 77
Coalition Membership 78
Coalition Operations and Processes 78
Leadership and Staffing 80
Coalition Structures 81
Pooled Member and External Resources 81
Member Engagement 82
Assessment and Planning 82
Implementation of Strategies 83
Community Change Outcomes 83
Health and Social Outcomes 83
Community Capacity 84
Application of CCAT: Consortium for the Immunization of Norfolk's Children (CINCH) 84
Stages of Development 85
Community Context 85
Lead Agency or Convener Group 85
Coalition Membership 86
Coalition Operations and Processes 86
Leadership and Staffing 86
Coalition Structures 87
Pooled Member and External Resources 87
Member Engagement 87
Assessment and Planning 87
Implementation of Strategies 88
Community Change and Health Outcomes 88
Community Capacity 88
Strengths and Limitations of the Theory, or Model 89
Future Directions 90
Summary 91
Questions for Review 91
Part II: Building Effective Coalitions and Partnerships 93
5 Lead Agency, Coalition Staff, and Leadership 95
Who is the Lead Agency? 96
Types of Lead Agencies 96
The Role of Lead Agencies 97
What Makes a Good Lead Agency? 97
Coalition Staff 98
Staff Roles 99
Coalition Leadership 108
Collaborative, or Transformational, Leaders 109
Leadership Recruitment 117
Leadership Styles 118
Leadership Traits, Skills, and Roles 121
Team Leadership 126
Training, Technical Assistance, and Orientation 126
Training 127
Technical Assistance 128
Trainers' and Technical-Assistance Consultants' Roles, Responsibilities, and Characteristics 129
Coalition Roles, Responsibilities, and Characteristics 129
Building and Sustaining Technical-Assistance Consultant-Coalition Relationships 129
Training and Technical Assistance Venues 130
Summary 134
Questions for Review 135
Resources 135
6 Coalition Membership and Teamwork 138
Member Organizations versus Individual Members 138
Categories of Membership 139
Member Characteristics, Capacities, and Skills 140
Member Responsibilities 142
Member Roles 144
Member Recruitment 144
Investing in Recruitment 148
Building Member Diversity 149
Member Retention 158
Does Size Matter? 162
Building Effective Teams and Work Groups 163
Stages of Team Development 164
Traits of Teams and Work Groups 165
Team and Work Group Roles 174
Building Community Ownership of the Coalition 175
Summary 176
Questions for Review 177
Resources 177
Organizations 177
Publications 179
7 Essential Coalition Processes 181
Communication 182
The Communication Process 183
Miscommunication 185
Communication Channels 185
Features of Effective Group Communication 186
Problem Solving 190
Effective Decision Making 195
Decision-Making Styles 196
Techniques for Building Majority-Rule Decisions 199
Techniques for Building Consensus 199
Prioritizing 200
Multi-Voting 201
Zero to Ten Rating 201
Ethical Decision Making 202
Resolving Conflict 203
Types of Conflict 204
General Conflict Resolution Strategies 207
Conflict Management Skills 208
Turfism 212
Types of Turf Issues That Coalitions Face 213
Avoiding and Resolving Turf Battles 213
Effective Turf Management Tips 215
Coalition Spotlight: Virginians for a Healthy Future 216
Summary 217
Questions for Review 218
Resources 219
General 219
Decision Making 219
Conflict Resolution 219
8 Coalition Infrastructure 222
Formalized Rules and Procedures 223
Coalition Vision and Mission Statements 223
SWOT Analysis 224
Vision Statements 224
Mission Statements 225
Slogans or Bylines 225
Roles and Job Descriptions 225
Organizational Charts 227
Steering Committees and Governance 229
Work Groups and Subgroups 230
Bylaws and Guidelines for Operations 231
Coalition Meetings 240
Meeting Basics 241
Timing of Meetings 242
Ground Rules 243
Meeting Process 244
Meeting Roles 244
Common Meeting Challenges 245
Agenda 249
Minutes 250
Parliamentary Procedure 250
Coalition Spotlight: Conducting Empowering Meetings 255
Summary 256
Questions for Review 256
Resources 256
Part III: Sustaining Effective Coalitions and Partnerships 259
9 Marketing the Coalition and Its Agenda 261
Marketing or Promoting the Coalition 262
Developing an Effective Organizational Message 262
Developing a Business Plan 265
Coalition Branding: Logo and Name 267
Promotional Materials 267
Brochures 268
Newsletters 270
Websites 273
Coalition Spokespersons 275
Summary 276
Questions for Review 276
Resources 277
10 Funding, Resource Development, and Sustainability 278
Sources of Coalition Funds 279
Sustainability 279
Social Enterprise 280
Social Entrepreneurs 281
Funding Characteristics 281
To Incorporate or Not? 282
Developing the Coalition Budget 285
Steps in the Budgeting Process 287
Fund-Raising 290
The Resource Development Team 292
The Resource Development Plan 293
Resource Planning Steps 293
Obtaining Corporate, Foundation, and Government Grants 298
Identifying and Researching Grant Funding Sources 299
Contacting the Funder 301
Building Support for the Grant Proposal 301
Requests for Proposals 302
Proposal Timelines 303
Writing a Grant Proposal 303
Reviewing Process for Competitive Grant Applications 304
Letters of Intent 305
The Grant Application 305
Dealing with Rejection 309
Improving Competitive Applications 310
Coalition Spotlight: Arkansas Oral Health Coalition 314
Summary 316
Questions for Review 316
Resources 316
Part IV: Coalitions and Partnerships in Action 319
11 Community Assessment 321
Choosing Coalition Issue(s) That Resonate with the Community 322
Framing the Issue to Build Support 323
Impact of the Issue on the Coalition 326
Priority Populations 326
Involving the Priority Population in the Work 327
An Asset-Based Approach to Community Assessments 328
Benefits and Challenges of Conducting Assessments 330
Conducting the Assessment 331
Determining the Assessment's Purpose and Scope 332
Defining the Assessment's Goals and Objectives 332
Selecting the Approach and Methods for Collecting Data 332
Designing and Pilot-Testing the Instruments and Procedures 347
Preparing a Timeline and Budget 348
Collecting the Data 348
Analyzing the Data 348
Preparing and Disseminating the Findings 349
Evaluating the Assessment's Merit and Worth 351
Coalitions and Assessments: Issues and Lessons Learned 351
Coalition Spotlight: Community Assessment with the Metropolitan Boston Haitian HIV Prevention Coalition 352
Summary 352
Questions for Review 353
Resources 353
12 Coalitions and Planning 356
Public Health Planning Models 357
Getting To Outcomes: Methods and Tools for Planning, Evaluation and Accountability (GTO) 359
The Strategic Planning Process 361
Evaluating Strategic and Action Plans and the Planning Process 371
Coalition Spotlight: Strategic Planning with the Decade of Hope Coalition in Dulce, New Mexico 379
Summary 389
Questions for Review 390
Resources 390
13 Coalition Activities and Interventions 391
Phases of Program Implementation 392
Selecting and Implementing Projects 392
The Project Team 394
Assessing Promising Practices and Interventions 395
Characteristics of Successful Interventions 399
Implementing Community-Based Strategies 401
Levels of Intervention 401
Replicating Community-Based Strategies 402
Types of Intervention Strategies 403
Social Marketing 407
Essential Elements of Social Marketing 407
Features of Social Marketing 408
Creating a Social Marketing Plan 409
Media Advocacy 411
How Does Media Advocacy Work? 412
Media Advocacy Strategies 413
Interview Basics 416
Developing an Advocacy Strategy 417
The Advocacy Team 418
Coalition Spotlight: Media Advocacy with Los Angeles County Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drug Policy Coalition 419
Legal and Ethical Issues in Community Interventions 421
Liability 422
Confidentiality 422
Informed Consent 423
Disclosure 424
Competence 424
Conflict of Interest 424
Coalition Spotlight: Comprehensive Community Interventions-Injury Free Coalition for Kids of Philadelphia 425
Summary 426
Questions for Review 427
Resources 428
Examples of Social Marketing Campaigns 428
Other Social Marketing and Media Advocacy Resources 428
Ethics Websites 431
14 Evaluating Coalitions and Partnerships 433
Evaluation Paradigms 435
Coalition Evaluation: Promoting Self-Reflection and Improvement 436
Key Concepts and Levels of Coalition Evaluation 437
Key Terms of Coalition Evaluation 438
Ecological Levels of Outcomes 439
Levels of Coalition Evaluation 440
Evaluation Frameworks and Models 442
Kansas University Work Group's Framework for Participatory Evaluation of Community Initiatives 443
CDC's Framework for Program Evaluation in Public Health 444
The Kellogg Foundation's Steps to Program Evaluation 446
Evaluation Steps 447
Coalition Measures 470
Level 1. Measures of Coalition Infrastructure, Function, and Processes 470
Level 2. Measures of Coalition Programs and Interventions 474
Level 3. Measures of Health Status and Community Change Outcomes 475
Coalition Evaluation Instruments 476
Challenges of Evaluating Community-Based Initiatives 486
The Challenges of Coalition Evaluation 487
Solving the Coalition Evaluation Dilemma 490
Coalition Spotlight: The California Coalition for Childhood Immunization 492
Summary 493
Questions for Review 493
Resources 494
General Evaluation Instruments 494
Other Resources 497
15 Coalitions and Partnerships: Their Promise and Future 501
Reflections on the Power of Working in Partnership 501
Lessons Learned from Coalition Evaluations 502
Summing Up: Factors That Promote Coalition Success 505
Implications and Future Research 507
References 511
Name Index 553
Subject Index 561
