1 An Introduction to Physiology 1
1.1 Physiology Defined 2
1.2 Levels of Organization in the Body 2
1.3 Life Processes 5
1.4 Homeostasis 7
1.5 Physiology as a Science 13
1.6 Key Themes of Physiology 16
Chapter Review 18 / Ponder This 19 / Answers to Figure Questions 19
2 Chemical Composition of the Body 20
2.1 How Matter Is Organized 21
2.2 Chemical Bonds 25
2.3 Chemical Reactions 30
2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions 31
2.5 Organic Compounds 36
Chapter Review 56 / Ponder This 58 / Answers to Figure Questions 58
3 Cells 60
3.1 Components of a Cell 61
3.2 The Plasma Membrane 62
3.3 Cytoplasm 64
3.4 Nucleus 73
3.5 Gene Expression 75
3.6 Cell Division 79
3.7 Cellular Diversity 83
3.8 Organization of Cells into Tissues 84
4 Metabolism 98
4.1 An Overview of Metabolism 99
4.2 Energy and Metabolism 100
4.3 Enzymes 102
4.4 Role of ATP in Metabolism 106
4.5 Carbohydrate Metabolism 113
4.6 Lipid Metabolism 121
4.7 Protein Metabolism 122
4.8 Nutrition and Metabolism 125
Chapter Review 128 / Ponder This 130 / Answers to Figure Questions 130
5 Transport across the Plasma Membrane 131
5.1 Selective Permeability of the Plasma Membrane 132
5.2 Gradients across the Plasma Membrane 133
5.3 Classification of Membrane Transport Processes as Passive or Active 134
5.4 Passive Transport 134
5.5 Active Transport 145
5.6 Vesicular Transport 147
5.7 Transepithelial Transport 153
Chapter Review 156 / Ponder This 158 / Answers to Figure Questions 158
6 Cell Signaling 159
6.1 Methods of Cell-to-Cell Communication 160
6.2 Extracellular Chemical Messengers 161
6.3 Receptors 165
6.4 Signal Transduction Pathways 170
6.5 Comparison of the Nervous and Endocrine Systems 186
Chapter Review 187 / Ponder This 188 / Answers to Figure Questions 188
7 The Nervous System and Neuronal Excitability 190
7.1 Overview of the Nervous System 191
7.2 Cells of the Nervous System 193
7.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 200
7.4 Signal Transmission at Synapses 223
7.5 Neurotransmitters 232
7.6 Neural Circuits 237
Chapter Review 239 / Ponder This 241 / Answers to Figure Questions 241
8 The Central Nervous System 243
8.1 Spinal Cord 244
8.2 Brain 249
8.3 Integrative Functions of the Cerebrum 266
Chapter Review 278 / Ponder This 278 / Answers to Figure Questions 279
9 Sensory Systems 280
9.1 Overview of Sensation 281
9.2 The Somatic Sensory System 292
9.3 The Olfactory System 307
9.4 The Gustatory System 310
9.5 The Visual System 314
9.6 The Auditory and Vestibular Systems 333
Chapter Review 347 / Ponder This 349 / Answers to
Figure Questions 349
10 Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems 351
10.1 Autonomic Nervous System 352
10.2 Somatic Nervous System 366
11 Muscle 375
11.1 Overview of Muscle 376
11.2 Organization of Skeletal Muscle 378
11.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 386
11.4 ATP Production in Skeletal Muscle 394
11.5 Skeletal Muscle Mechanics 397
11.6 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 405
11.7 Cardiac Muscle 408
11.8 Smooth Muscle 411
11.9 Regeneration of Muscle 418
Chapter Review 421 / Ponder This 423 / Answers to Figure Questions 423
12 Control of Body Movement 425
12.1 Overview of Motor Control 426
12.2 Local Level of Motor Control 427
13 The Endocrine System 447
13.1 Overview of the Endocrine System 448
13.2 Pituitary Gland 455
13.3 Thyroid Gland 467
13.4 Parathyroid Glands 471
13.5 Adrenal Glands 473
13.6 Pineal Gland 478
13.7 Pancreas 479
13.8 Ovaries and Testes 486
13.9 Other Endocrine Organs and Tissues 486
13.10 Endocrine Control of Growth 489
13.11 The Stress Response 492
13.6 Pineal Gland 478
13.7 Pancreas 479
13.8 Ovaries and Testes 486
13.9 Other Endocrine Organs and Tissues 486
13.10 Endocrine Control of Growth 489
13.11 The Stress Response 492
Chapter Review 496 / Ponder This 498 / Answers to Figure Questions 498
14 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 500
14.1 Basic Design of the Cardiovascular System 501
14.2 Organization of the Heart 504
14.3 Cardiac Muscle Tissue and the Cardiac Conduction System 511
14.4 The Cardiac Cycle 523
14.5 Cardiac Output 525
14.6 Exercise and the Heart 534
15 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics 540
15.1 Overview of the Vasculature 541
15.2 Capillary Exchange and Lymphatics 547
15.3 Hemodynamics 554
15.4 Control of Blood Flow 563
15.5 Regulation of Mean Arterial Pressure 569
15.6 Shock and Homeostasis 575
16 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood 583
16.1 Overview of Blood 584
16.2 Erythrocytes 588
16.3 Leukocytes 594
16.4 Platelets 595
16.5 Hemostasis 597
16.6 Blood Groups and Blood Types 603
Chapter Review 609 / Ponder This 610 / Answers to Figure Questions 611
17 The Immune System 612
17.1 Components of the Immune System 613
17.2 Innate Immunity 615
17.3 Adaptive Immunity 622
Chapter Review 643 / Ponder This 644 / Answers to
Figure Questions 645
18 The Respiratory System 646
18.1 Overview of the Respiratory System 647
18.2 Ventilation 654
18.3 Lung Volumes and Capacities 662
18.4 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 665
18.5 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 669
18.6 Control of Ventilation 676
18.7 Exercise and the Respiratory System 680
Chapter Review 683 / Ponder This 685 / Answers to Figure Questions 685
19 The Urinary System 686
19.1 Overview of Kidney Functions 687
19.2 Organization of the Kidneys 687
19.3 Overview of Renal Physiology 690
19.4 Glomerular Filtration 692
19.5 Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion 697
19.6 Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine 709
19.7 Evaluation of Kidney Function 715
19.8 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination 720
19.9 Waste Management in Other Body Systems 722
Chapter Review 724 / Ponder This 726 / Answers to Figure Questions 726
20 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis 727
20.1 Fluid Compartments and Fluid Balance 728
20.2 Electrolytes in Body Fluids 734
20.3 Acid-Base Balance 737
Chapter Review 746 / Ponder This 747 / Answers to Figure Questions 747
21 The Digestive System 748
21.1 Overview of the Digestive System 749
21.2 Mouth 755
21.3 Pharynx and Esophagus 757
21.4 Stomach 760
21.5 Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder 764
21.6 Small Intestine 769
21.7 Large Intestine 778
21.8 Phases of Digestion 782
21.9 Transport of Lipids by Lipoproteins 784
Chapter Review 789 / Ponder This 790 / Answers to Figure Questions 791
22 Metabolic Adaptations, Energy Balance, and Temperature Regulation 792
22.1 Metabolic Adaptations 793
22.2 Energy Balance 797
22.3 Regulation of Body Temperature 802
Chapter Review 808 / Ponder This 809 / Answers to Figure Questions 809
23 The Reproductive Systems 810
23.1 Reproductive Cell Division 811
23.2 Male Reproductive System 813
23.3 Female Reproductive System 823
23.4 The Human Sexual Response 834
23.5 Sex Determination and Sex Diff erentiation 835
23.6 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 839
23.7 Pregnancy and Labor 840
23.8 Contraception and Abortion 851
23.9 Infertility 854
Chapter Review 856 / Ponder This 859 / Answers to Figure Questions 859
APPENDIX A Measurements A-1
APPENDIX B Periodic Table B-3
APPENDIX C Normal Values for Selected Blood Tests C-4
APPENDIX D Normal Values for Selected Urine Tests D-6
GLOSSARY G-1
INDEX I-1
