Undergraduate students of social statistics in sociology and across the social sciences.

Anna Leon-Guerrero is a professor of sociology at Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma, Washington. A recipient of the university's Faculty Excellence Award and the K. T. Tang Award for Excellence in Research, she teaches courses on statistics, sociological theory, and social problems. As a social service program evaluator and consultant, she has focused her research on welfare reform, employment strategies for the working poor, and program assessment. She is the coauthor of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society and Essentials of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society (with Chava Frankfort-Nachmias). Chava Frankfort-Nachmias is an Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. She is the coauthor of Research Methods in the Social Sciences (with David Nachmias), coeditor of Sappho in the Holy Land (with Erella Shadmi) and numerous publications on ethnicity and development, urban revitalization, science and gender, and women in Israel. She was the recipient of the University of Wisconsin System teaching improvement grant on integrating race, ethnicity, and gender into the social statistics and research methods curriculum. She is also the coauthor (with Anna Leon-Guerrero) of Social Statistics for a Diverse Society.

CHAPTER 1: The What and the Why of Statistics The Research Process Asking Research Questions The Role of Theory Formulating the Hypotheses Collecting Data A Cautionary Note: Measurement Error Analyzing Data and Evaluating the Hypotheses Looking at Social Differences CHAPTER 2: The Organization and Graphic Presentation of Data Frequency Distributions Proportions and Percentages Percentage Distributions Comparisons Statistics in Practice: Labor Force Participation Among Foreign Born The Construction of Frequency Distributions Cumulative Distributions Rates Statistics in Practice: Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates Over Time Reading the Research Literature: Statistical Tables The Pie Chart: Race and Ethnicity of the Elderly The Bar Graph: Marital Status of the Elderly The Histogram Statistics in Practice: Gender and Age The Line Graph Time-Series Charts A Cautionary Note: Distortions in Graphs Statistics in Practice: The Graphic Presentation of Education CHAPTER 3: Measures of Central Tendency The Mode The Median Statistics in Practice: Gendered Income Inequality The Mean Finding the Mean in a Frequency Distribution The Shape of the Distribution: Television, Education, and Siblings Considerations for Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency A Cautionary Note: Representing Income CHAPTER 4: Measures of Variability The Importance of Measuring Variability The Range The Interquartile Range: Increases in Elderly Population The Variance and the Standard Deviation: Changes in the Elderly Populations Considerations for Choosing a Measure of Variation Reading the Research Literature: Differences in College Aspirations and Expectations Among CHAPTER 5: The Normal Distribution Properties of the Normal Distribution Standard (Z) Scores The Standard Normal Distribution The Standard Normal Table Transforming Proportions (or Percentages) Into Z Scores CHAPTER 6: Sampling and Sampling Distributions The Concept of the Sampling Distribution The Sampling Distribution of the Mean The Central Limit Theorem Statistics in Practice: The Central Limit Theorem CHAPTER 7: Estimation Estimation Defined Procedures for Estimating Confidence Intervals for Means Confidence Intervals for Proportions Statistics in Practice: The 2012 Benghazi Terrorist Attack Investigation A Cautionary Note: The Margin of Error CHAPTER 8: Testing Hypotheses Assumptions of Statistical Hypothesis Testing Stating the Research and Null Hypotheses Determining What Is Sufficiently Improbable: Probability Values and Alpha The Five Steps in Hypothesis Testing: A Summary Errors in Hypothesis Testing Statistics in Practice: The Earnings of White Women Testing Hypotheses About Two Samples The Sampling Distribution of the Difference Between Means Population Variances Are Assumed to Be Unequal The Five Steps in Hypothesis Testing About Difference Between Means: A Summary Focus on Interpretation: Cigarette Use Among Teens Testing the Significance of the Difference Between Two Sample Proportions Statistics in Practice: Comparing First- and Second-Generation Hispanic Americans Is There a Significant Difference? Reading the Research Literature: Reporting the Results of Statistical Hypothesis Testing CHAPTER 9: Bivariate Tables Independent and Dependent Variables How to Construct a Bivariate Table: Race and Home Ownership How to Compute Percentages in a Bivariate Table How to Deal With Ambiguous Relationships Between Variables Reading the Research Literature: Place of Death in America The Properties of a Bivariate Relationship Elaboration The Concept of Chi-Square as a Statistical Test The Concept of Statistical Independence The Structure of Hypothesis Testing With Chi-Square Sample Size and Statistical Significance for Chi-Square Focus on Interpretation: Education and Health Assessment Proportional Reduction of Error: A Brief Introduction What Is Strong? What Is Weak? A Guide to Interpretation Lambda: A Measure of Association for Nominal Variables Cramer's V: A Chi-Square-Related Measure of Association for Nominal Variables Focus on Interpretation: Gamma and Kendall's Tau-b Using Ordinal Measures With Dichotomous Variables Focus on Interpretation: The Gender Gap in Gun Control CHAPTER 10: Analysis of Variance Understanding Analysis of Variance The Structure of Hypothesis Testing With ANOVA The Five Steps in Hypothesis Testing: A Summary Assessing the Relationship Between Variables Focus on Interpretation: Are Immigrants Good for America's Economy? Reading the Research Literature: Stresses and Strains Among Grandmother Caregivers CHAPTER 11: Regression and Correlation The Scatter Diagram Linear Relations and Prediction Rules Statistics in Practice: Median Household Income and Criminal Behavior Methods for Assessing the Accuracy of Predictions Statistics in Practice: Teen Pregnancy and Social Inequality Focus on Interpretation: The Marriage Penalty in Earnings A Cautionary Note: Spurious Correlations and Confounding Effects Appendix A. The Standard Normal Table Appendix B. Distribution of t Appendix C. Distribution of Chi-Square Appendix D. Distribution of F Appendix E. A Basic Math Review Learning Check Solutions Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises Glossary