Acknowledgements viii Introduction 1 1 Origins 5 The Roman period in the Kendal area 7 The early Anglo-Saxons 13 The origins of Kendal 14 The earliest written record: Domesday 16 2 The borough and town government 19 The borough 23 The charter of 1575 28 Other official bodies 29 The mock corporation 29 The 1835 Municipal Corporations Act 30 The 1972 Local Government Act 30 Trade companies 31 Elections 33 3 Kendal's castles 36 Castle Howe 37 Kendal Castle 38 The owners of the castle 42 4 Kendal on the map 47 John Speed, 1611 - 12 48 Jefferys, 1770 49 John Todd, 1787 50 J. Lowes, 1798 51 John Wood, 1833 52 Corn Rent map, c.1834 53 Henry Hoggarth, 1853 55 Titus Wilson, 1861 55 Ordnance Survey, 1861 56 Ordnance Survey, 1914 57 5 House and home 59 The Middle Ages 59 Individual larger houses 61 Building materials 63 Tudor and Stuart Kendal 65 The Georgian period 69 The Websters and their circle 73 Victorian developments 75 A Kendal yard in the 1860s 77 The past hundred years 83 6 Shops and businesses 85 The Market Place 85 The inns of Kendal 93 Businesses 97 Shops 102 Banks 105 7 'Pannus mihi Panis': Cloth is bread to me 106 The Flemings 106 Plate section between pages 120 and 121, Percy Duff and Trevor Hughes images in Kendal Town Hall, by kind permission of Kendal Town Council 8 Road, canal and rail 122 Kendal's bridges 122 Transport 126 The Kendal packhorses 126 Roads before the turnpikes 131 Turnpikes 133 Road coaches 136 The Lancaster Canal 140 Carriers 146 Railways 148 M6 and Kendal Bypass 153 9 Health and welfare 155 Benefactions 156 Sandes Hospital 157 Dowker's Almshouses 160 Sleddall's Almshouses 161 Childbirth 162 Concerns about public health 164 Doctors 164 The Dispensary and hospitals 167 The poor 168 Kendal Workhouse 169 Population 172 10 Church and chapel 176 The chapels of the parish church 180 Chantries 181 Bells and organ 183 The Reformation 184 New Anglican churches 186 Nonconformists and dissenters 189 Roman Catholics 193 Religion in Kendal since the 1850s 193 11 Education, leisure, culture and the arts 195 Schools 195 Kendal's artists 200 Literary associations 202 Newspapers 204 Music and theatre 204 Libraries 208 Museums 209 Leisure 212 Food 217 Customs 221 12 Crime and punishment 223 Imprisonment 226 13 War and other troubles 231 Notes and references 236 Select bibliography 250 Index 258
