Preface, ix
About the companion website, xi
Section 1: Groundwork, 1
1 The excitement of developmental biology, 3
Where the subject came from, 3
Impact of developmental biology, 4
Future impact, 5
2 How development works, 7
Ultrashort summary, 7
Gametogenesis, 10
Early development, 13
Growth and death, 19
3 Approaches to development: developmental genetics, 25
Developmental mutants, 25
Sex chromosomes, 27
Maternal and zygotic, 27
Genetic pathways, 28
Genetic mosaics, 30
Screening for mutants, 31
Cloning of genes, 32
Gain-and loss-of-function experiments, 32
Transgenesis, 32
Other gain-of- function techniques, 34
Targeted mutagenesis, 34
Other loss-of- function systems, 35
Gene duplication, 36
Limitations of developmental genetics, 37
4 Approaches to development: experimental embryology and its molecular basis, 39
Normal development, 39
Developmental commitment, 42
Criteria for proof, 48
Transcription factors, 48
Transcription factor families, 50
Other controls of gene activity, 51
Signaling systems, 51
Genetic regulatory networks, 57
5 Approaches to development: cell and molecular biology techniques, 61
Microscopy, 61
Optical techniques, 61
Confocal, multi-photon, and light sheet microscopes, 63
Image capture, 63
Anatomical and histological methods, 64
Microinjection, 66
Study of gene expression by molecular biology methods, 67
Study of gene expression by in situ methods, 72
Reporter genes, 75
Cell-labeling methods, 76
6 Cells into tissues, 81
Cells in embryos, 81
Cytoskeleton, 82
Small GTP-binding proteins, 84
Extracellular matrix, 84
Cell movement, 85
Epithelial organization, 86
Morphogenetic processes, 88
Section 2: Major model organisms, 97
7 Major model organisms, 99
The big six, 99
Access and micromanipulation, 101
Genetics and genomes, 101
Relevance and tempo, 102
Other organisms, 102
8 Xenopus, 107
Oogenesis, maturation, and fertilization, 108
Normal development, 109
Fate maps, 114
Experimental methods, 115
Processes of regional specification, 119
9 The zebrafish, 135
Normal development, 135
Fate map, 140
Genetics, 141
Reverse genetic methods, 144
Embryological techniques, 145
Regional specification, 145
Other roles of the zebrafish, 150
10 The chick, 153
Normal development, 154
Fate map, 158
Regional specification of the early embryo, 159
Description of organogenesis in the chick, 164
11 The mouse, 173
Mammalian fertilization, 173
Normal development of the mouse, 177
Fate map, 184
Regional specification in the mouse embryo, 185
Transgenic mice, 190
Embryonic stem cells, 192
Knockouts and knock-ins, 192
Nuclear transplantation and imprinting, 196
X-inactivation, 196
Teratocarcinoma, 198
12 Human early development, 203
Human reproduction, 203
Preimplantation development, 205
Human embryonic stem cells, 207
Human postimplantation development, 208
Postimplantation diagnosis: chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis, 211
Ethics of human development, 211
13 Drosophila, 217
Insects, 217
Normal development, 219
Fate map, 222
Pole plasm, 224
Drosophila developmental genetics, 224
The developmental program, 227
The dorsoventral pattern, 228
The anteroposterior system, 232
14 Caenorhabditis elegans, 247
Adult anatomy, 248
Embryonic development, 249
Regional specification in the embryo, 251
Analysis of postembryonic development, 259
The germ line, 262
Programmed cell death, 264
Section 3: Organogenesis, 269
15 Techniques for studying organogenesis and postnatal development, 271
Genetics, 271
Clonal analysis, 275
Tissue and organ culture, 278
Cell analysis and separation, 279
16 Development of the nervous system, 283
Overall structure and cell types, 283
Regional specification, 286
Neurogenesis and gliogenesis, 292
The neural crest, 299
Development of neuronal connectivity, 303
17 Development of mesodermal organs, 315
Somitogenesis, 315
Myogenesis, 322
The kidney, 323
Germ cell and gonadal development, 326
Sex determination, 330
Limb development, 330
Blood and blood vessels, 340
The heart, 343
18 Development of endodermal organs, 355
Normal development, 355
Organization of the gut tube, 356
Fate map of the endoderm, 359
Experimental analysis of endoderm development, 359
The pancreas, 366
19 Drosophila imaginal discs, 373
Metamorphosis, 373
Genetic study of larval development, 374
Disc development, 378
Compartments and selector genes, 378
Regional patterning of the wing disc, 381
Regeneration and transdetermination, 384
Morphogen gradients and polarity, 387
Section 4: Growth, evolution, regeneration, 391
20 Tissue organization and stem cells, 393
Types of tissue, 393
Tissue renewal, 397
Stem cells, 401
Intestinal epithelium, 403
Epidermis, 408
Hair follicles, 410
Hematopoietic system, 415
Mesenchymal stem cells and transdifferentiation, 419
Spermatogonia, 419
21 Growth, aging, and cancer, 425
Growth: control of size and proportion, 425
Biochemical pathways of growth control, 426
Growth control in insects, 429
Growth control in mammals, 431
Liver regeneration, 433
Growth in stature, 434
Aging, 436
Cell autonomous processes, 437
The insulin pathway and aging, 438
Caloric restriction, 438
Cancer, 440
Classification of tumors and precursor lesions, 440
Molecular biology of cancer, 442
Cancer stem cells, 443
Cancer progression, 444
Cancer therapy, 445
22 Pluripotent stem cells and their applications, 449
Human embryonic stem cells, 449
Induced pluripotent stem cells, 451
Somatic cell nuclear transfer, 453
Direct reprogramming, 454
Applications of human pluripotent stem cells, 455
Cell transplantation therapy, 457
Cell transplantation therapies using pluripotent stem cells, 459
Transplantation therapy for diabetes, 460
Retinal pigment epithelium, 462
Spinal repair, 463
Cardiomyocytes, 463
Parkinson's disease, 463
Introduction of new therapies, 465
23 Evolution and development, 469
Macroevolution, 470
Molecular taxonomy, 471
Phylogeny of animals, 472
The fossil record, 473
The primordial animal, 474
Basal animals, 479
What really happened in evolution?, 481
Segmented body plans and Hox genes, 482
Insect wings and legs, 483
Atavisms, 483
Vertebrate limbs, 485
24 Regeneration of missing parts, 491
Types of regeneration, 491
Distribution of regenerative capacity, 491
Planarian regeneration, 492
Insect limb regeneration, 497
Vertebrate limb regeneration, 499
The process of limb regeneration, 499
The source of cells for regeneration, 501
Regeneration of regional pattern, 502
Regeneration: ancestral or adaptive property?, 508
General properties of regeneration, 509
Glossary, 513
Index, 527
