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Introduction - the idea of the crowd in history; the crowd in the ancient world; some medieval crowds and Machiavelli on the Roman people; the crowd and liberty - Machiavelli, Montesquieu and America; some historians and the crowd before and after the French Revolution - Gibbon, Carlyle, Michelet and Taine; the crowd as the clue to the mystery of the modern world - Taine against the Enlightenment; from the criminal crowd to a social theory - Scipio Sighele and Gabriel Tarde; crowd theory makes its way in the world - the Le Bon phenomenon; the leader and his crowd - Freud's Group Psychology; the triumph of the crowd - Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf; the sanity of crowds and the madness of power - Elias Canetti's Crowds and Power. Afterword - safety from numbers.