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The Empathy Gap

The Empathy Gap

The Empathy Gap


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Summary

The Empathy Gap presents extensive empirical evidence that men and boys are disadvantaged across a huge range of the most important areas of life, contrary to popular prejudice. These male disadvantages are hypothesised to originate in deep rooted, and culturally enhanced, biases which favour females and create an empathy gap towards males.

The Empathy Gap Summary

The Empathy Gap proposes the thesis that men and boys are extensively disadvantaged across many areas of life, including in education, healthcare, genital integrity, criminal justice, domestic abuse, working hours, taxation, pensions, paternity, homelessness, suicide, sexual offences, and access to their own children after parental separation. The claim is justified in the book by empirical evidence, mostly but not exclusively from the UK, involving nearly 1,000 references, 179 Figures and 49 Tables. To most people, of both sexes, this will appear to be a perverse perspective as disadvantage has become the province of women, girls and minorities, not males. Yet the empirical case supporting the disadvantages suffered by men and boys is undeniable to the objective mind. But if this is so, why is the popular perception that males are privileged whereas disadvantage is the province of the opposite sex? Why do the male disadvantages go largely unremarked, by both sexes, if they are so pervasive? Presenting the case for widespread and substantial male disadvantage is also a challenge to the usual hegemonic paradigm of feminist theory. These issues are addressed within The Empathy Gap by presenting an entirely different orientation on the social psychology of relations between the sexes. Out goes the idea of an oppressive patriarchy. Instead, a man's participation in the human pair bond is seen to be altruistic, a phenomenon arising originally from evolution and enacted in the individual via the emotional psyche. This is the origin of an asymmetry in the perception of the sexes which normalises the preferencing of females and therefore inevitably disadvantages males as a corollary. The successful evolved strategy involves male utility and relative male disposability, the latter being facilitated by a muted empathy for males, by both sexes - the empathy gap. Rather than working to overcome this male disposability, as a true egalitarian movement would have done, feminism has fed upon it and amplified it. The feminist project relies upon the true state of affairs remaining unacknowledged, and the empathy gap is instrumental in its own invisibility. In respect of this theory, the author makes no claim for originality. The ideas presented have been circulating within the sub-culture for decades. However, the focus of the book is to show how these ideas are manifest in practice.

Table of Contents

Preface 1. The Differently Gendered Society 1. 1.1 Purpose of this Book 1. 1.2 Equality? 2. 1.3 What is the Origin of the Empathy Gap? 6 1.3.1 The Nine Factors Underlying the Empathy Gap 10. 1.3.2 Discussion of the Factors Underlying the Empathy Gap 18. 1.4 Aims and Limitations 36. 2. Education 37. 2.1 Primary School Attainment 38. 2.2 Secondary School Attainment Aged 16 40. 2.3 A Levels 42. 2.4 University Entry 43. 2.5 Gender Gap and the Nature of the Award 47. 2.6 Innate Gender Difference? Adult Competencies 53. 2.7 School Staff and Stereotyping 55. 2.8 University Staff, STEMM and Athena Swan 57. 2.9 Gender Skew in Provision 62. 2.10 Perceptions and Expectations 64. 2.11 Worldwide 67. 2.12 Summary: The Education Empathy Gap 72. 3. Physical Health and Longevity 75. 3.1 Gender Disparity in Premature and Early Death 76. 3.2 The Leading Causes of Premature Death (<75) 78. 3.2.1 Cardiovascular Diseases 80. 3.2.2 Cancers 80. 3.2.3 HIV-AIDS 93. 3.3 The Leading Causes of Early Death (<45) 93. 3.4 Occupational Health and Workplace Injuries and Deaths 94. 3.4.1 Workplace Deaths in History 94. 3.4.2 Workplace Deaths Now 96. 3.4.3 Non-Fatal Injuries at Work 96. 3.4.4 Occupational Health Issues 96. 4. Men's Access to Healthcare and Health Spending by Sex 99. 4.1 Men's Access to Healthcare 99. 4.2 Global Health of Men 106. 4.3 Healthcare and Health Research Spending 106. 4.3.1 USA Healthcare Spending by Sex 107. 4.3.2 USA Health Research Spending by Sex 108. 4.4 The Empathy Gap in Men's Health 109 5. Male Genital Mutilation: History and Harm 114. 5.1 Anatomy, Histology and Function of the Foreskin 117. 5.1.1 Foreskin Development: Retraction 120. 5.2 The History of MGM 121. 5.3 MGM Procedures, Practitioners and Risk 125. 5.3.1 Risks of the Procedure 127. 5.4 Prevalence and Incidence of MGM 128. 5.5 The Harmful Effects of MGM 131. 5.5.1 Studies of Sensitivity 131. 5.5.2 Studies of Men's Sexual Experience after Circumcision 134. 5.5.3 Survey Evidence: Men's Subjective Experience of Circumcision 138 6. MGM: Claimed Benefits and Legality 141. 6.1 Background to the 2017 review of Morris et al 141. 6.2 Critique of the claims of Morris et al, 2017. 143. 6.2.1 Urinary Tract Infections 143. 6.2.2 Phimosis 145. 6.2.3 Balanitis / Candidiasis 146. 6.2.4 Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) 146. 6.2.5 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 146. 6.2.6 Other Diseases 150. 6.3 The Opinion of Medical Bodies Worldwide 152. 6.4 Legal Issues 155. 6.4.1 The Illegality of MGM in the UK 155. 6.4.2 Attempts to Make MGM Illegal in Other Countries 158. 6.5 The Male Genital Mutilation Empathy Gap 161. 7. Work, Pay, Tax, Spending and Pensions 164. 7.1 UK Unemployment Data 165. 7.2 UK Economic Inactivity 167. 7.3 Gendered Occupations 169. 7.3.1 The Public Sector 171. 7.3.2 Armed Forces 172. 7.3.3 Apprenticeships 172. 7.3.4 The Gender Equality Paradox 173. 7.3.5 Diversity? 177. 7.4 The UK Gender Pay Gap 179. 7.5 Gender Pay Gap Reporting: Company Submissions 183. 7.6 Working Hours: The Gender Pay Gap is a Work Gap 185. 7.7 Spending and Wealth by Sex 189. 7.7.1 UK in Year 1993/4 190. 7.7.2 Wealth and Spending, UK and USA, 2008 to 2018 192. 7.8 Income Taxes 194. 7.9 Pensions 196. 7.9.1 Occupational and Personal Pensions; the Private and Public Sectors 196. 7.9.2 The State Pension 201. 7.9.3 Numbers of Payees and Recipients 203. 7.9.4 Gender Pension Inequality? 206. 7.10 Housework and Unpaid Caring 207. 7.10.1 Men and Housework 207. 7.10.2 Men as Unpaid Carers 209. 7.11 The Empathy Gap in Work, Pay, Wealth, Spending and Taxes 209. 8. Imprisonment 213. 8.1 Harsher Treatment for Men 213. 8.1.1 Harsher Treatment Over Time 213. 8.1.2 Harsher Treatment by Sex 215. 8.2 Pop Goes the Woozle 233. 8.3 Characteristics of Prisoners 235. 8.3.1 Children in Prison 236. 8.3.2 Prisoners' IQ 238. 8.4 Male Prisoners and Their Families 239. 8.5 Self-Harming in Prison 239. 8.6 Deaths in Prison 241. 8.6.1 Suicide in Prison 241. 8.6.2 Deaths in Prison from 'Natural' Causes 241. 8.7 The Empathy Gap in Imprisonment 243. 9. Violence and Abuse 245. 9.1 All Violence 245. 9.1.1 Victims 245. 9.1.2 Perpetrators 251. 9.2 Violence and Abuse Within the Home: Men as Victims 253. 9.2.1 Incidence of Male Victims: Survey Data 255. 9.2.2 Severe Force 258. 9.2.3 Demographic Dependence of DA 258. 9.2.4 Domestic Violence and Marital Status 259. 9.2.5. Repeated Domestic Abuse 260. 9.2.6 Reports to Police, Prosecutions and Convictions 260. 9.2.7 Domestic Homicides 261. 9.2.8 International Studies of Domestic Abuse 268. 9.2.9 Dads as Victims of Domestic Violence 270. 9.2.10 Domestic Abuse Services: The Sexes Compared 271. 9.2.11 Perpetrator Programmes 272. 9.3 The Empathy Gap for Men as Victims of Violence 275. 10. Family Court Statistics 280. 10.1 Family Court Statistics (England and Wales) 280. 10.2 The Paramountcy Principle and the Perception of Risk 281. 10.3 Legal Aid, LASPO and the Role of False Allegations 282. 10.3.1 Legal Aid and LASPO 282. 10.3.2 The Domestic Violence Legal Aid Gateway 283. 10.3.3 Prevalence of Allegations of Domestic Abuse 285. 10.3.4 Which Sex Gets Legal Aid in the Family Courts? 286. 10.3.5 Routes through the Gateway 289. 10.3.6 Statistics of Domestic Violence Remedy Orders 290. 10.4 Lobbying and Serious Case Reviews 292. 10.5 The Empathy Gap Against Fathers in the Family Courts 294. 11. Are the Family Courts Biased Against Fathers? 296. 11.1. Introduction 296. 11.2 The 2008 Study of Hunt & MacLeod 297. 11.3 Lawyers', Judges' and Court Officers' Opinions 303. 11.4 The 2015 Study of Harding and Newnham 304. 11.5 Enforcement 308. 11.6 What Proportion of Separating Couples Apply to Court? 312. 11.7 Actual Contact Outcomes 313. 11.8 Financial Issues 317. 11.9 The Empathy Gap Against Non-Resident Fathers 318. 12. Parental Alienation, ACEs and the Woozling of Shared Parenting 322. 12.1 What is Parental Alienation? 322. 12.1.1 Prevalence of Alienation 326. 12.2 Adverse Childhood Experiences 329. 12.2.1 Behaviour and Health Outcomes of ACEs 330. 12.2.2 ACEs and Parental Involvement 332. 12.3 Woozling Shared Parenting 333. 12.4 Parental Conflict and the Benefit of Contact 341. 12.5 Empathy Gap in Alienation and Shared Care 342. 13. The Drivers of Fatherlessness 343. 13.1 Marriage, Divorce, Cohabitation and Single Living: the Data 344. 13.2 Statistics on Children's Living Arrangements 349. 13.3 The Decline of Marriage Drives Fatherlessness 351. 13.4 The Socioeconomics of Marriage: The Marriage Gap 353. 13.5 Summary of the Drivers of Fatherlessness 356. 14. The Effect of Fatherlessness on Outcomes for Children 358. 14.1 The Differing Perspectives on Fatherhood 359. 14.2 Families Without Fatherhood, Dennis & Erdos, 1992 360. 14.3 The Big Picture - A Selection of Studies 363. 14.4 The Study of Radl, Salazar and Cebolla-Boado, 2017 368. 14.5 The Study of McLanahan, Tach and Schneider, 2013 371. 14.6 The Indirect Empathy Gap for Fatherless Children 373. 15. Paternity and Its Enemies 375. 15.1 Men's Control Over Their Own Fertility 376. 15.1.1 Male Contraception 376. 15.1.2 Option Denied? 378. 15.1.3 Men's Fertility 380. 15.2 Mispaternity and Paternity Fraud 384. 15.2.1 Terminology and Perception 384. 15.2.2 The Prevalence of Mispaternity 385. 15.2.3 Men are Not Legally Entitled to Know if a Child is Theirs (UK) 391. 15.2.4 A Thin View of Fatherhood? 395. 15.3 The Empathy Gap Against Paternity and Male Fertility 402. 16. Homelessness and Loneliness 403. 16.1 Statutory Homelessness and Single Homelessness 403. 16.1.1 Statutory Homelessness in England 406. 16.1.2 Statutory Homelessness in Scotland 408. 16.1.3 Statutory Homelessness in Wales 409. 16.1.4 Statutory Homelessness in Northern Ireland 410. 16.1.5 Statutory Homelessness: The Big Picture on Gender 410. 16.2 Rough Sleepers 411. 16.2.1 Rough Sleeper Counts in England 411. 16.2.2 CHAIN Data for London 413. 16.2.3 Rough Sleeper Counts in Wales 416. 16.3 Deaths of Rough Sleepers 417. 16.3.1 Bethany Thomas 2012 Data 417. 16.3.2 ONS Data 417. 16.3.3 Data from the Bureau of Investigative Journalism 419. 16.4 Loneliness 421. 16.4.1 Loneliness Survey in England 422. 16.4.2 Loneliness Survey in Wales 424. 16.5 The Empathy Gap in Homelessness and Loneliness 427. 17. Mental Ill-Health and Substance Abuse 429. 17.1 Mental Ill Health in Adults 430. 17.1.1 Common Mental Disorders 430. 17.1.2 Personality Disorders 432. 17.1.3 Autism Spectrum Disorders 434. 17.1.4 Psychotic Disorders 436. 17.1.5 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 437. 17.1.6 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 438. 17.1.7 Bipolar Disorder 439. 17.1.8 Mental Disorders and Employment 440. 17.1.9 Access to Treatment by Demographic 440. 17.2 Mental Ill Health in Children and Young Adults 441. 17.2.1 All Disorders 441. 17.2.2 Emotional Disorders 443. 17.2.3 Behavioural Disorders 444. 17.2.4 Hyperactivity Disorders 445. 17.2.5 Autism, Eating Disorders and Less Common Disorders 446. 17.2.6 Mental Health Medication of Children 447. 17.2.7 Demographic, Lifestyle and Sexuality Factors 448. 17.2.8 Teenagers and Students in the USA 449. 17.3 Substance Abuse 450. 17.3.1 Alcohol Abuse 451. 17.3.2 Drug Abuse 451. 17.4 People Detained under the Mental Health Act 452. 17.5 APA and BPS Guidelines for the Psychological Practice with Boys and Men 453. 17.5.1 APA Versus Data 461. 17.6 The Empathy Gap in Mental Health Perceptions 463. 18. Suicide, Suicidality and Self-Harm 466. 18.1 Self-Harm, Suicidality and Suicide Attempts (England) 466. 18.2 Suicide 470. 18.2.1 UK Suicide Statistics and Trends 470. 18.2.2 The Suicide Paradox 476. 18.2.3 Reasons for the High Male Suicide Rate 476. 18.2.4 Methods of Suicide and Suicide Attempts 489. 18.3 Male Suicide: Narratives, Rationalisations and Blaming 491. 18.4 The Empathy Gap in Suicide 496. 19. Rape and False Allegations 501. 19.1 Definition of Sexual Offences 502. 19.2 Prevalence of Rape and Police Reports 506. 19.3 Conviction Statistics for Rape 510. 19.3.1 Sex of Rape Victims and Defendants 516. 19.4 Attrition 517. 19.5 Rape Trials and Juries 521. 19.5.1 Video Evidence by Complainants 522. 19.5.2 Training Rape Trial Juries 522. 19.5.3 Rape Trials Without Juries? 523. 19.6 False Allegations of Rape 524. 19.6.1 The Harm Done by False Allegations 531. 19.7 Disclosure 533. 19.8 The Empathy Gap in Accusations of Sexual Assault 540. 20. Sexual Assault: The Story Less Told 543. 20.1 Sex Offender Prisoner Statistics (UK) 544. 20.2 Examples of Women's Sexual Abuse of Minors 546. 20.3 The Prevalence of Female Sexual Abuse of Minors (UK) 550. 20.4 Male Offenders' History of Childhood Sexual Abuse 552. 20.5 Perceptions of Female Perpetration and the Damage Done 556. 20.6 The Sex of the Victim 558. 20.7 Female Offender Sentencing 559. 20.8 Female Sexual Offending in Correctional Facilities in the USA 560. 20.9 Sexual Assault of Adult Men by Women 563. 20.10 Adult Prison Sexual Assault 568. 20.11 War Rape 570. 20.12 The Empathy Gap in Sexual Assault 572. 21. Reprise: The Case for the Empathy Gap 575. 21.1 Education 578. 21.2 Health and Longevity 579. 21.3 Male Genital Mutilation 581. 21.4 Work, Pay, Tax and Pensions 582. 21.5 Imprisonment 584. 21.6 Violence and Abuse 585. 21.7 Family Courts 588. 21.8 Alienation, ACES and Shared Care 590. 21.9 Drivers of Fatherlessness 591. 21.10 Effects of Fatherlessness on Children 591. 21.11 Men's Fertility and Paternity Fraud 592. 21.12 Homelessness and Loneliness 593. 21.13 Mental Health 594. 21.14 Suicide 595. 21.15 Rape and False Allegations 598. 21.16 Sexual Assault: The Story Less Told 599. 21.17 In Conclusion 601. Acronyms 603. References 607. Index 651.

Additional information

GOR010342390
9780957168886
0957168888
The Empathy Gap: Male Disadvantages and the Mechanisms of Their Neglect by
Used - Very Good
Paperback
LPS Publishing
2019-07-06
696
N/A
Book picture is for illustrative purposes only, actual binding, cover or edition may vary.
This is a used book - there is no escaping the fact it has been read by someone else and it will show signs of wear and previous use. Overall we expect it to be in very good condition, but if you are not entirely satisfied please get in touch with us

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