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Biological Anthropology Craig Stanford

Biological Anthropology By Craig Stanford

Biological Anthropology by Craig Stanford


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Summary

Intended for undergraduate introductory physical anthropology, biological anthropology or human origins courses, this book aims to integrate the foundations and the innovations in the field.

Biological Anthropology Summary

Biological Anthropology: The Natural History of Humankind by Craig Stanford

For undergraduate introductory physical anthropology, biological anthropology or human origins courses.

The only book that integrates the foundations and the most current innovations in the field from the ground up.

Over the past twenty years, this field has rapidly evolved from the study of physical anthropology into biological anthropology, incorporating the evolutionary biology of humankind based on information from the fossil record and the human skeleton, genetics of individuals and of populations, our primate relatives, human adaptation, and human behavior . Stanford combines the most up-to-date, comprehensive coverage of the foundations of the field with the modern innovations and discoveries.

Praised by students!

"I am an Information Technology and Science major at the Pennsylvania State College. I am taking a introductory course in Anthropology and use your textbook by Stanford. I wanted to thank you for an excellent introductory textbook. As I study for my final today I am amazed at how easy it is to read and how it keeps my attention with stories and interesting facts. Unlike my other introductory texts, it does not assume a prior knowledge of the material or grammar associated with the subject. My final exam is still difficult and covers 8 chapters in the book, but it has been a pleasure studying with your book unlike other texts I have had to read. Thank you again for a great book!"

Andrew Puschak

Pennsylvania State


Table of Contents

Part I: Foundations

Chapter 1: Introduction: What Is Biological Anthropology?

The Scope of Biological Anthropology

Paleoanthropology

Skeletal Biology and Human Osteology

Paleopathology

Forensic Anthropology

Primatology

Human Biology

The Roots of Modern Biological Anthropology

Anthropology and Its Other Subfields

Cultural Anthropology

Box 1.1 A Paradigm Split in Anthropology

Archaeology

Linguistic Anthropology

Biological Anthropology Today

Chapter 2: Origins of Evolutionary Thought

What Is Science?

The Early Thinkers

The Roots of Modern Science

Linnaeus and the Natural Scheme of Life

The Road to the Darwinian Revolution

The Uniformitarianists: Hutton and Lyell

The Darwinian Revolution

The Galapagos

Refining the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Box 2.1 Darwin versus Wallace?

Response to Darwin

The Science and Creationism Question

Box 2.2 What Is Intelligent Design?

Part II: Mechanisms of Evolution

Chapter 3: Genetics: Cells and Molecules

Genetics

The Study of Genetics

Genetic Metaphors: Blueprints, Recipes, or What?

The Cell

Cell Anatomy

Box 3.1 Cloning Controversies

DNA Structure and Function

DNA Structure I: The Molecular Level

DNA Function I: Replication

DNA Function II: Protein Synthesis

DNA Structure II: Chromosomes and Cell Division

Box 3.2 Biochemical Individuality

Molecular Tools for Bioanthropological Research

Indirect Methods

Direct Sequencing Methods

PCR, Mitochondrial DNA, and Ancient DNA

Chapter 4: Genetics: From Genotype to Phenotype

From Genotype to Phenotype

The ABO Blood Type System

Obesity: A Complex Interaction

Mendelian Genetics

Mendel's Postulates

Linkage and Crossing Over

Mutation

Point Mutation and Sickle Cell Disease

Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases

Mutations: Bad, Neutral, and Good

X-Linked Disorders

Mendelian Genetics in Humans

Genetics Beyond Mendel

Box 4.1 State Fair Mendelism and the Eugenics Movement

Polygenic Traits, the Phenotype, and the Environment

Heritability and IQ Test Score Performance

Phenylketonuria: Illustrating Mendelian and Post-Mendelian Concepts

Genes and Environments

Chapter 5: The Force of Evolution and the Formation of Species

How Evolution Works

Where Does Variation Come From?

How Natural Selection Works

Other Ways in Which Evolution Happens

Classification and Evolution

Taxonomy and Speciation

What Is a Species?

A Guide to Species Concepts

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

The Origin of Species: How Species Are Formed

Box 5.1 What's in a Name? Species Concepts, Genetics
and Conservation

The Tempo of Speciation

Adaptation

Is Everything Adaptive?

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Levels of Selection

Inclusive Fitness

Chapter 6: Human Variation: Evolution, Adaptation,

and Adaptability

Human Variation at the Individual and Group Level

What Is a Population?

Historical Perspectives on Human Variation

Recording Human Variation in Past Civilizations

The Monogenism-Polygenism Debate

The Race Concept in the Twentieth Century

Changing Attitudes toward Race in Anthropology

Box 6.1 Traits in Folk Taxonomies

Population Genetics

Polymorphisms: ABO and Other Blood Type Systems

Gene Flow and Protein Polymorphisms

Polymorphisms and Phylogenetic Studies

Polymorphisms and Natural Selection in Human Populations

The Evolution of Lactose Tolerance

Balanced Polymorphisms: Sickle Cell and Other Conditions

Adaptation and Adaptability

Levels of Adaptability

Heat and Cold

Box 6.2 Technology and Extreme Environments

Body Size and Shape

Living at High Altitude

Adaptability to Water

Part III: Primates

Chapter 7: The Primates

The Primate Radiation

The Extraordinary Diversity of Nonhuman Primates

What Exactly Is a Primate?

Anatomical Traits

Life History Traits

Behavioral Traits

A Guide to the Nonhuman Primates

The Strepsirhines

Special Feature: Primates in the New World

The Haplorhines

Box 7.1 The Rarest of the Rare

The New World Monkeys

The Old World Monkeys

The Hominoids

Box 7.2 The Impending Extinction of the Great Apes

Primate Ecology

Diet

The Cycles of a Tropical Forest

You Are What You Eat: Dietary and Digestive Strategies

Diet and Activity Budgets

Feeding Competition

Primate Communities

Chapter 8: Primate Behavior

Studying Primates

Why Are Nonhuman Primates Social?

The Paradox of Sociality

Types of Nonhuman Primate Societies

Box 8.1 The Infanticide Wars

The Evolution of Primate Social Behavior

Social Behavior and Reproductive Asymmetry

Box 8.2 Are Chimpanzees from Mars and Bonobos from Venus?

Male Reproductive Strategies

Female Reproductive Strategies

Reconstructing the Evolution of Primate Societies

Part IV: The Fossil Record

Chapter 9: Fossils in Geological Context

with contributions from Monte L. McCrossin

How to Become a Fossil

The Importance of Context

Stratigraphy

The Geologic Time Scale

How Old Is It?

Relative Dating Techniques

Special Feature: Key Changes in Evolution

Calibrated Relative Dating Techniques

Box 9.1 The Piltdown Hoax

Box 9.2 Dating Controversies

Chronometric Dating Techniques

The Earth in the Cenozoic

Continents and Land Masses

How Cold Was It?

Overview of Climatic Changes during the Cenozoic

Chapter 10: Origin of Primates
with contributions from Monte L. McCrossin

The Mesozoic and Beyond

Dawn of the Age of Mammals

The Crater of Doom: What Happened at the K-T Boundary?

After the Crater of Doom: Changes in the Paleocene

Questionable Primates: The Plesiadapiforms

Why Primates?

Early Primates of the Eocene

Adapoids (Strepsirhine Ancestors)

Omomyoids (Haplorhine Ancestors)

Box 10.1 Subfossil Lemurs of Madagascar

Continental Drift and Eocene Primates

Selective Pressures Favoring the Strepsirhine-Haplorhine

Split

Evolution of Higher Primates

The First Monkeys?

New World Monkeys

Old World Monkeys

What Favored the Origin of Anthropoids?

The Earliest Apes

Selection Pressures and the Divergence of Monkeys and Apes

The Monkey's Tale: What Happened to Primate Diversity in the

Miocene?

Molecular Evolution in Primates

Special Feature: Primate Evolution

A Primate Molecular Phylogeny

Molecular Phylogeny and Human Origins

Gene Function and Human Origins

Chapter 11: Becoming Human: The Ape-Hominid Transition

Becoming a Biped

Anatomical Changes

Constructing the Bipedal Body Plan

Locomotion of the Last Common Ancestor

Why Bipeds?

Box 11.1 Overheated Radiator

Box 11.2 What Did Love have to Do with It?

The Transition to Human Behavior

Primate Intelligence: Why Are Humans So Smart?

What Made Humans Human?

Chapter 12: Early Hominids

Will You Know a Hominid When You See One?

Box 12.1 A Rose by any Other Name: Hominids versus Hominins

The First Hominids?

Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7.0-6.0 mya)

Orrorin tugenensis (6.0 mya)

Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 mya) and Ardipithecus kadabba

(5.8-5.7 mya)

Box 12.2 Treasures of the Afar Triangle

Australopithecus and Kin

Australopithecus anamensis (4.2-3.9 mya)

Australopithecus afarensis (3.9-2.9 mya)

Special Feature: Early Hominid Evolution

Australopithecus bahrelghazali (3.5-3.0 mya)

Kenyanthropus platyops (3.5 mya)

Australopithecus garhi (2.5 mya)

Australopithecus africanus (3.5-<2.0 mya)

The Robust Australopithecines (or Paranthropines)

Understanding the Australopithecine Radiation

Cohabitation

Tools and Intelligence

Ancestors and Descendants

Questions for Future Paleoanthropologists

Chapter 13: Rise of the Genus Homo

Defining the Genus Homo

Earliest Genus Homo

Early Tool Use

Hunting and Scavenging

Box 13.1 Understanding the Meat-eating Past through the Present

Who Is Homo erectus?

Anatomical Features

Homo erectus versus Homo ergaster

Homo Erectus around the World

Special Feature: The Genus Homo through Time

African Origins

The First African Diaspora: Republic of Georgia

Dispersal into East Asia

The Status of Homo erectus in Europe

The Lifeways of Homo Erectus

Homo erectus and the Early Stone Age

A Higher-Quality Diet:Homo erectus Subsistence

Homo erectus Life History

Homo erectus Leaves Africa

Chapter 14: Archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals

Hominid Evolution in the Mid- to Late Pleistocene

Defining Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens

Archaic Homo sapiens

European Archaic Homo sapiens

African Archaic Homo sapiens

Asian Archaic Homo sapiens

Behavior of Archaic Homo sapiens

Stone Tools

Tools from Organic Materials

Large Game Hunting

Fire, Campsites, and Home Sites

The Neandertals

Geographic and Temporal Distribution

History of Neandertal Discovery

Box 14.1 Neandertal Image Makeovers

Neandertal Anatomy: Built for the Cold

Growth and Development

Health and Disease

Neandertal DNA

Neandertal Behavior

Material Culture

Coping with Cold

Hunting and Subsistence

Cannibalism

Burials

Ritual and Symbolic Behavior

Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Issues: An Overview

Special Feature: Hominid Evolution in the Mid-to-Late Pleustocene

Chapter 15: The Emergence and Dispersal of Homo sapiens

The Emergence of Modern Humans

Models of Modern Human Origins

Multiregional and Replacement Models

Predictions of the Two Models

Anatomy and Distribution of Early Humans

Africa

Near East

Europe

Asia and Southeast Asia

Australia

Box 15.1 The Little People of Flores

Archaeology of Modern Human Origins

Stone and Other Tools

Subsistence

Settlement of the New World and Pacific Islands

Symbolism

Molecular Genetics and Human Origins

Mitochondrial DNA

The Y Chromosome

MRCAs for Nuclear Genes

Box 15.2 The Genghis Khan Effect

Ancient DNA

Interpreting Models of Human Origins

Paleontology and Archaeology

Molecular Genetics

Part V: Biology and Behavior of Modern Humans

Chapter 16: Evolution of the Brain and Language - unique chapter

Overview of the Brain

Major Divisions of the Cerebrum

Primary and Association Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

Methods for Studying Brain Structure and Function

Issues in Hominid Brain Evolution

Brain Size and Encephalization

Brain Size and the Fossil Record

Box 16.1 The Ten Percent Myth: Evolution and Energy

Brain Reorganization

Language: Biology and Evolution

What Is Language?

The Evolution of Grammar

Language in the Brain

Language in the Throat

Language Ability and the Fossil Record

Box 16.2 Ape Language Studies

Scenarios of Language Evolution

Brain Size, Language, and Intelligence

Chapter 17: Biomedical Anthropology - unique chapter

Epidemiology: Basic Tools for Biomedical Anthropology

Rates: Mortality, Incidence, and Prevalence

Epidemiological Transitions

Biocultural and Evolutionary Approaches to Disease

The Biocultural Approach

The Evolutionary Approach

Birth, Growth, and Aging

Human Childbirth

Patterns of Human Growth

Stages of Human Growth

The Secular Trend in Growth

Menarche and Menopause

Aging

Human Variation and Health: Skin Color

Advantages and Disadvantages of Light and Dark Skin Color

Skin Color and Health: Evolutionary Synthesis

Infectious Disease and Biocultural Evolution

Human Behavior and the Spread of Infectious Disease

Box 17.1 Kuru, Cannibalism, and Prion Diseases

Infectious Disease and the Evolutionary Arms Race

Diet and Disease

The Paleolithic Diet

Agriculture and Nutritional Deficiency

Agriculture and Abundance: Thrifty, Nonthrifty, and Thrifty-

Pleiotropic Genotypes

Chapter 18: The Evolution of Human Behavior - unique chapter

Studying the Evolution of Human Behavior

The Evolution of Human Behavior: Four Approaches

Behavioral Patterns and Evolution

Traditional Lives in Evolutionary Ecological Perspective

Quantification in Evolutionary Ecological Research

Hunting, Gathering, and the Sexual Division of Labor

Box 18.1 "Man the Hunter"

Sexual Selection and Human Behavior

Risk-Taking Behavior

Inbreeding Avoidance and Incest Taboos

Language-Related Cross-Cultural Behaviors

Motherese or Infant-Directed Speech

Box 18.2 Reading, Writing, and Evolution

Basic Color Terms

Behavioral Disease

Depression and Natural Selection

Schizophrenia

Psychoactive Substance Use and Abuse

Epilogue

Appendix A: Forensic Anthropology

Appendix B: Primate and Human Comparative Anatomy

Appendix C: The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Appendix D: Metric-Imperial Conversions

Glossary

Bibliography

Credits

Index

Additional information

GOR002214683
9780131828926
0131828924
Biological Anthropology: The Natural History of Humankind by Craig Stanford
Used - Very Good
Paperback
Pearson Education (US)
2005-02-22
624
N/A
Book picture is for illustrative purposes only, actual binding, cover or edition may vary.
This is a used book - there is no escaping the fact it has been read by someone else and it will show signs of wear and previous use. Overall we expect it to be in very good condition, but if you are not entirely satisfied please get in touch with us

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