Introduction 1 Learning Objectives 1
1.1 Some Characteristics of Fluids 3
1.2 Dimensions, Dimensional
Homogeneity, and Units 4
1.2.1 Systems of Units 7
1.3 Analysis of Fluid Behavior 11
1.4 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight 11
1.5 Ideal Gas Law 12
1.6 Viscosity 14
1.7 Compressibility of Fluids 20
1.8 Vapor Pressure 23
1.9 Surface Tension 24
1.10 A Brief Look Back in History 27
1.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 29
References 30
Review Problems 31
Conceptual Questions 31
Problems 31
2 Fluid Statics 40
Learning Objectives 40
2.1 Pressure at a Point 40
2.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field 42
2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest 43
2.4 Standard Atmosphere 49
2.5 Measurement of Pressure 50
2.6 Manometry 52
2.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure-Measuring Devices 57
2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface 59
2.9 Pressure Prism 65
2.10 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface 68
2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability 70
2.12 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion 74
2.13 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 79
References 80
Review Problems 80
Conceptual Questions 81
Problems 81
3 Elementary Fluid Dynamics The Bernoulli Equation 101
Learning Objectives 101
3.1 Newton's Second Law 101
3.2 F - ma along a Streamline 104
3.3 F - ma Normal to a Streamline 108
3.4 Physical Interpretation 110
3.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure 113
3.6 Examples of Use of the Bernoulli
Equation 117
3.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line 131
3.8 Restrictions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation 134
3.9 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 139
References 141
Review Problems 141
Conceptual Questions 141
Problems 141
4 Fluid Kinematics 157
Learning Objectives 157
4.1 The Velocity Field 157
4.2 The Acceleration Field 166
4.3 Control Volume and System Representations 175
4.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 176
4.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 188
References 189
Review Problems 189
Conceptual Questions 189
Problems 190
5 Finite Control Volume Analysis 199
Learning Objectives 199
5.1 Conservation of Mass The
Continuity Equation 200
5.2 Newton's Second Law The Linear Momentum and Moment-of-Momentum Equations 213
5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics The Energy Equation 236
5.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics Irreversible Flow 253
5.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 253
References 254
Review Problems 255
Conceptual Questions 255
Problems 255
6 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow 276
Learning Objectives 276
6.1 Fluid Element Kinematics 277
6.2 Conservation of Mass 282
6.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum 288
6.4 Inviscid Flow 292
6.5 Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows 286
6.5.1 Uniform Flow 300
6.5.2 Source and Sink 301
6.5.3 Vortex 303
6.5.4 Doublet 306
6.6 Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential Flows 308
6.7 Other Aspects of Potential Flow Analysis 318
6.8 Viscous Flow 319
6.9 Some Simple Solutions for Viscous, Incompressible Fluids 321
6.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis 331
6.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 332
References 333
Review Problems 334
Conceptual Questions 334
Problems 334
7 Dimensional Analysis, Similitude, and Modeling 346
Learning Objectives 346
7.1 Dimensional Analysis 347
7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem 349
7.3 Determination of Pi Terms 350
7.4 Some Additional Comments About Dimensional Analysis 355
7.5 Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection 359
7.6 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics 360
7.7 Correlation of Experimental Data 364
7.8 Modeling and Similitude 368
7.9 Some Typical Model Studies 374
7.10 Similitude Based on Governing Differential Equations 384
7.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 387
References 388
Review Problems 388
Conceptual Questions 389
Problems 389
8 Viscous Flow in Pipes 400
Learning Objectives 400
8.1 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow 401
Developed Flow 405
8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow 407
8.3 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow 416
8.4 Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow 426
8.5 Pipe Flow Examples 445
8.6 Pipe Flowrate Measurement 459
8.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 465
References 467
Review Problems 468
Conceptual Questions 468
Problems 468
9 Flow Over Immersed Bodies 480
Learning Objectives 480
9.1 General External Flow Characteristics 481
9.2 Boundary Layer Characteristics 489
9.3 Drag 512
9.3.1 Friction Drag 513
9.4 Lift 528
9.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 541
References 542
Review Problems 543
Conceptual Questions 543
Problems 544
10 Open-Channel Flow 554
Learning Objectives 554
10.1 General Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow 555
10.2 Surface Waves 556
10.3 Energy Considerations 561
10.4 Uniform Depth Channel Flow 566
10.5 Gradually Varied Flow 575
10.6 Rapidly Varied Flow 576
10.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 589
References 590
Review Problems 591
Conceptual Questions 591
Problems 591
11 Compressible Flow 601
Learning Objectives 601
11.1 Ideal Gas Relationships 602
11.2 Mach Number and Speed of Sound 607
11.3 Categories of Compressible Flow 610
11.4 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 614
11.5 Nonisentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 631
11.6 Analogy between Compressible and Open-Channel Flows 655
11.7 Two-Dimensional Compressible Flow 657
11.8 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 658
References 661
Review Problems 662
Conceptual Questions 662
Problems 662
12 Turbomachines 667
Learning Objectives 667
12.1 Introduction 668
12.2 Basic Energy Considerations 669
12.3 Basic Angular Momentum
Considerations 673
12.4 The Centrifugal Pump 675
12.5 Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws 688
12.6 Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps 693
12.7 Fans 695
12.8 Turbines 695
12.9 Compressible Flow Turbomachines 707
12.10 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 713
References 715
Review Problems 715
Conceptual Questions 715
Problems 716
A Computational fluid dynamics 725
B Physical Properties of Fluids 737
C Properties of the U.S.
Standard Atmosphere 742
D Compressible Flow graphs
For an Ideal Gas (k - 1.4) 744
Answers ANS-1
Index I-1
Video Index 000
