1. THEORY AND CRIME; Spiritual Explanations; Natural Explanations; Scientific Theories; Causation in Scientific Theories; Three Frames of Reference; Relationships among the Three Frames of Reference; 2. CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY; The Social and Intellectual Background of Classical Criminology; Beccaria and the Classical School; From Classical Theory to Deterrence Research; Three Types of Deterrence Research; Rational Choice and Offending; Routine Activities and Victimization; Conclusions; 3. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR; Background: Physical Appearance and Defectiveness; Lombroso, the Born Criminal and Positivist Criminology; Goring's Refutation of the Born Criminal; Body Type Theories; Family Studies; Twin and Adoption Studies; Neurotransmitters; Hormones; The Central Nervous System; The Autonomic Nervous System; Environmentally Induced Biological Components of Behavior; Implications and Conclusions; 4. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR; Intelligence and Crime: Background Ideas and Concepts; IQ Tests and Criminal Behavior; Delinquency, Race, and IQ; Interpreting the Association Between Delinquency and IQ; Personality and Criminal Behavior; Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder; Clinical Prediction of Future Dangerousness; Actuarial Prediction of Later Crime and Delinquency; Depression and Delinquency; Impulsivity and Crime; Policy Implications of Personality Research; Conclusions; 5. CRIME AND POVERTY; Historical Background: Guerry and Quetelet; Research on Crime and Poverty: Contradictions and Disagreements; Crime and Unemployment: A Detailed Look at Research; Problems Interpreting Research on Crime and Economic Conditions; Implications and Conclusions; 6. DURKHEIM, ANOMIE, AND MODERNIZATION; Emile Durkheim; Crime as Normal in Mechanical Societies; Anomie as a Pathological State in Organic Societies; Durkheim's Theory of Crime; Conclusion; 7. NEIGHBORHOODS AND CRIME; The Theory of Human Ecology; Research in the Delinquency Areas of Chicago; Policy Implications; Residential Succession, Social Disorganization, and Crime; Sampson's Theory of Collective Efficacy; Expanding Interest in Neighborhood Social Processes; Implications and Conclusions; 8. STRAIN THEORIES; Robert K. Merton and Anomie in American Society; Strain as the Explanation of Gang Delinquency; 1960s Strain-Based Policies; The Decline and Resurgence of Strain Theories; Strain in Individuals; Strain in Societies; Conclusion; 9. LEARNING THEORIES; Basic Psychological Approaches to Learning; Sutherland's Differential Association Theory; Research Testing Sutherland's Theory; The Content of Learning: Cultural and Subcultural Theories; The Learning Process: Social Learning Theory; Athens's Theory of Violentization; Implications; Conclusions; 10. CONTROL THEORIES; Early Control Theories: Reiss to Nye; Matza's Delinquency and Drift; Hirschi's Social Control Theory; Assessing Social Control Theory; Gottfredson and Hirschi's A General Theory of Crime; Assessing Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory; Implications and Conclusions; 11. THE MEANING OF CRIME; The Meaning of Crime to the Self: Labeling Theory; The Meaning of Crime to the Criminal: Katz's Seductions of Crime; The Situational Meaning of Crime: Zimbardo's Lucifer Effect; The Meaning of Crime to the Larger Society: Deviance and Social Reaction; State Power and the Meaning of Crime: Controlology; Implications and Conclusions; 12. CONFLICT CRIMINOLOGY; Early Conflict Theories: Sellin and Vold; Conflict Theories in a Time of Conflict: Turk, Quinney, and Chambliss and Seidman; Black's Theory of the Behavior of Law; A Unified Conflict Theory of Crime; Testing Conflict Theory; Implications and Conclusions; 13. MARXISM AND POSTMODERN CRIMINOLOGY; Overview of Marx's Theory; Marx on Crime, Criminal Law, and Criminal Justice; The Emergence of Marxist Criminology; Marxist Theory and Research on Crime; Overview of Postmodernism; Postmodern Criminology; Conclusion; 14. GENDER AND CRIME; The Development of Feminist Criminology; Schools of Feminist Criminology; Gender in Criminology; Why Are Women's Crime Rates So Low?; Why Are Men's Crime Rates So High?; Conclusions; 15. DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES; The Great Debate: Criminal Careers, Longitudinal Research, and the Relationship Between Age and Crime; Criminal Propensity vs. Criminal Career; The Transition to Developmental Criminology; Three Developmental Directions; Thornberry's Interactional Theory; Sampson and Laub's Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control; Tremblay's Developmental Origins of Physical Aggression; Conclusions; 16. INTEGRATED THEORIES; Elliott's Integrated Theory of Delinquency and Drug Use; The Falsification vs. Integration Debate; Braithwaite's Theory of Reintegrative Shaming; Tittle's Control Balance Theory; Coercion and Social Support; Bernard and Snipes's Approach to Integrating Criminology Theories; Agnew's General Theory; Conclusion; 17. ASSESSING CRIMINOLOGY THEORIES; Science, Theory, Research, and Policy; Individual Difference Theories; Structure/Process Theories; Theories of the Behavior of Criminal Law; Conclusion; Index
