1. Introduction to Automotive Cybersecurity
1.1 Overview
1.2 Introduction
1.2.1. Security and Its Impact
1.3. Cybersecurity in Automotive Technology
1.3.1 The Rising Threat
1.4. Vehicular Ransomware Attack
1.4.1. Vehicle Ransomware Attack Scheme
1.5. Overview of Topics
1.5.1 Intelligent and Autonomous Vehicle
1.5.2 Cybersecurity and Privacy in Intelligent Autonomous Vehicles
1.5.3 In-Vehicle communication and Cyber Security
1.5.4 AUTOSAR Embedded Security in Vehicles
1.5.5 Inter-vehicle Communication and Cyber Security
1.5.6 Internet of Vehicles, Vehicular Social Networks, and Security Issues
1.5.7 V2X Current Security Issues, Standards, Challenges, Use cases and Future Trends
2. Intelligent Autonomous Vehicles
2.1 Overview
2.2 History of Intelligent and Autonomous Vehicle
2.3 Classification of Autonomous vehicle driving levels
2.3.1 SAE and NHTS classification:
2.4 State-of-the-art Intelligent and Autonomous Vehicle Technologies
2.4.1 Autonomous Vehicle
2.4.1.1 In-vehicle Communication
2.4.1.2. In-Vehicle Networking Types
2.4.2 Connected Vehicle Technology
2.4.2.1 Inter-vehicle communication
2.5 Battle for Adoption
2.6 Market demand of Automotive Cyber security
2.7 Summary
3. Security and Privacy in Intelligent Autonomous Vehicles
3.1 Overview
3.2 Cryptography Introduction
3.3 Cryptography Objective
3.3.1 Confidentiality
3.3.2 Data Integrity
3.3.3 Authentication
3.3.4 Non-Repudiation
3.4 Cryptographic Primitives
3.4.1 Symmetric Key or Secret Key encryption
3.4.2 Asymmetric Key or Public Key encryption
3.4.3 Digital Signatures
3.4.4 Homomorphic Encryption
3.5 Cyber Security in Intelligent and Autonomous Vehicles
3.5.1. Cyber Security Framework
3.5.2. Cybersecurity Layers by Design
3.5.3. Threat Modelling Method (TMM)
3.5.4. HARA and TARA Safety and Security Methods
3.5.5 Security & Privacy Threats in Vehicular Networks
3.5.6 Autonomous Vehicle Cyber Security
3.5.7 Connected Vehicle Security
3.5.7.1 Components of IAV
3.5.7.2 Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks Vulnerabilities
3.5.7.3 Privacy in VANET
3.5.8. Trust Management in VANET
3.5.6. Blockchain as a security in VANET
3.6. Summary
4. In-vehicle Communication and Cyber Security
4.1 Overview
4.2. In-Vehicle System
4.2.1 Vehicle Electrical and Electronic System
4.2.1.1 Body electronics
4.2.1.2 Chassis Electronics
4.3. In-Vehicle Communication
4.3.1 In-vehicle Sensing Technologies
4.3.2 In-Vehicle Network (IVN) Systems
4.2.1.3 Comfort Electronics
4.2.1.4 Electronic Control Units (ECUs):
4.2.1.5 Infotainment Electronics:
4.2.1.6 Sensor Technology
4.2.1.7 Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS)
4.3. In-vehicle communication
4.3.1 In-Vehicle Sensing Technologies
4.3.1.1. Sensor Technologies
4.3.1.2 Vision Technologies
4.3.1.3 Positioning Technologies
4.3.2 In-Vehicle Network (IVN) Systems
4.3.2.1 Controller Area Network (CAN)
4.3.2.2 FlexRay
4.3.2.3 Local Interconnect Network (LIN)
4.3.2.4 Automotive Ethernet (AE)
4.3.2.5 Media Oriented Serial Transport (MOST)
4.3.2.6 Single Edge Nibble Transmission SENT (SENT)
4.3.2.7 Other BUS protocols
4.4 In-Vehicle Network Architecture and Topology
4.5 Functional Safety and Cybersecurity
4.6 In-Vehicle Cybersecurity Issues and Challenges
4.6.1 Challenges of IVN architecture
4.6.1.1 Bandwidth
4.6.1.2 Latency
4.6.1.3 Reliability
4.6.2 In-Vehicle Onboard Ports, Threats and Countermeasures
4.6.2.1 OBD-II ports
4.6.2.2 USB port:
4.6.2.3 Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging port
4.6.2.4 Countermeasures to port threats
4.7 Cyber Security in In-Vehicle Network
4.7.1 In-Vehicle Network (IVN) Security Threats
4.7.1.1 CAN Security
4.7.1.2 FlexRay Security Threats
4.7.1.3 LIN Security Threats
4.7.1.4 AE Security
4.7.1.5 MOST Security Threats
4.7.2 Cyber Security protection Layers
4.7.3 Cyber security for ECU
4.7.3.1 On communication
4.7.3.2 On Exposed Functions
4.7.3.3 Non-Invasive
4.7.3.4 Semi-Invasive
4.7.3.5 Invasive
4.8 Summary
5 AUTOSAR Embedded Security in Vehicles
5.1 Overview
5.2 Introduction
5.2.1 Background
5.2.1.1 TARA
5.2.1.2 STRIDE
5.2.1.3 AUTOSAR
5.3 Threat models for the automotive domain
5.3.1 Adaptation of TARA
5.3.2 Adaptation of STRIDE
5.4 Applying the Adapted Threat Models to the Automotive Domain
5.4.1 TARA
5.4.2 STRIDE
5.5 Results
5.5.1 TARA
5.5.2 STRIDE
5.5.3 Related Work
5.5.4 Discussion and Future Work
5.6 Conclusion
6. Connected Vehicle Technology and Cyber Security
6.1 Overview
6.2 Connected Vehicles
6.2.1 VANET Technology Overview
6.2.2 Types of communications Technology in Connected Vehicle
6.3 State-of-the-art Technologies in VANET
6.3.1 DSRC based V2X
6.3.2 Cellular based V2X
6.3.2.1 Advancement in Cellular V2X
6.3.3 Hybrid V2X Technology
6.3.4 C-V2X applications and requirements
6.4 Role of Edge computing and SDN in V2X communication
6.5 Connected Vehicle Cyber Security
6.5.1. WAVE Communication Cybersecurity
6.5.2. Security and Privacy in V2X communication
6.6. Trust management in V2X communication
6.7. Homomorphic Encryption in V2X communication
6.8. Blockchain in V2X communication
6.9. Safety Standards for IAV
6.10. Summary
7. Internet of Vehicles, Vehicular Social Networks, and Cybersecurity
7.1 Overview
7.2 IoT in VANET (IoV)
7.2.1 IoV Network Model
7.2.1.1 Cloud network
7.2.1.2 Communication Network
7.2.1.3 Vehicles
7.2.2 IoV Layered Architecture
7.2.3 Security in IoV
7.2.4 IoV security requirements and attacks
7.2.5 Challenges in IoV
7.2.6 IoV Applications
7.3 Machine Learning in Vehicular Networks
7.3.1 Types of Machine Learning Techniques
7.3.2 Machine Learning as a Cybersecurity Solutions in Vehicular Networks
7.3.3 Application of Machine Learning in Vehicular Networks
7.4 Security based on ML in Vehicular Networks
7.4.3 ML to detect Misbehaviour Detection
7.4.4 ML to detect DoS and DDoS Attacks
7.4.5 ML to detect Intrusion attack
7.4.6 ML to detect Smart Jamming Attack
7.5 Vehicular Social Network
7.5.1 Applications of VSN
7.5.2 Security Issues
7.5.3 Privacy Issues
7.6 Summary
8. V2X Standards, Regulations, Security Issues, Use Cases and Future Trends
8.1 Overview
8.2. Standards, regulations and legal issues
8.2.1 International Cybersecurity Standardization in Automotive industry
8.2.2 Standardization for V2X Communication and Frequency Allocation
8.2.2.1 International V2X Standardization
8.2.3 ITS Spectrum Recommendation and Regulation Consideration
8.2.4 Cyber Security Standardization in V2X
8.3 Competition over V2X technology Adoption
8.3.1 Challenges for DSRC V2X and Cellular V2X
8.4 V2X Use Cases
8.4.1 Smart mobility
8.4.1.1 Smart Mobility and Security Issues
8.4.2 V2X Testbed
8.5 Current Trends and Future of Intelligent and Autonomous Vehicles
8.5.1 Trends in Intelligent and Autonomous Vehicles
8.5.2 Autonomous Electric Vehicle and Challenges
8.5.3 Cyber-attacks in Future Autonomous Vehicles
8.5.2.1 Protection of Future Autonomous Vehicle from Cyber attacks
8.5.2.2. Cybersecurity of Future Vehicles and Machine Learning Techniques
8.5.4 Challenges in Future Autonomous Vehicles
8.5.5 Intelligent Autonomous Vehicle Improves Environment
8.6 Summary
