Foreword xxvii Introduction xxix Assessment Test xlv Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Networking 1 Network Types 2 The Local Area Network 2 The Wide Area Network 3 The Metropolitan Area Network 5 Campus Area Networks 6 Personal Area Networks 6 Network Topologies 7 Bus 8 Ring 8 Star 10 Mesh 10 The OSI Model 11 Peer Communication 13 Encapsulation 14 Device Addressing 15 Physical Addressing 16 Logical Addressing 17 Summary 19 Exam Essentials 20 Review Questions 21 Chapter 2 Introduction to Wireless Local Area Networking 25 The Wireless Computer Network 27 The Wireless Personal Area Network 27 The Wireless Local Area Network 28 The Wireless Metropolitan Area Network 28 The Wireless Wide Area Network 29 Common WLAN Deployment Scenarios 29 Small Office/Home Office 29 Enterprise Deployments: Corporate Data Access and End-User Mobility 31 Extension of Existing Networks into Remote Locations 31 Public Wireless Hotspots 32 Carpeted Office Deployments 33 Educational Institution Deployments 34 Industrial Deployments 36 Healthcare Deployments 38 Last-Mile Data Delivery: Wireless ISP 38 High-Density Deployments 40 Municipal, Law Enforcement, and Transportation Networks 40 Building-to-Building Connectivity Using Wireless LAN Technology 41 RF Regulatory Domain Governing Bodies and Local Regulatory Authorities 42 United States: Federal Communications Commission 44 Europe: European Telecommunications Standards Institute 44 IEEE and Wireless LAN Standards 45 The IEEE 802.11 Standard 45 The IEEE 802.11b Amendment 46 The IEEE 802.11a Amendment 47 The IEEE 802.11g Amendment 48 The IEEE 802.11n Amendment 50 Additional IEEE 802.11 Amendments 52 Interoperability Certifications 54 Wi-Fi Alliance 54 Wi-Fi Protected Access Certification 55 Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 Certification 55 Wi-Fi Multimedia Certification 56 Wi-Fi Multimedia Power Save Certification 57 Wi-Fi Protected Setup Certification Overview 57 Summary 58 Exam Essentials 58 Review Questions 60 Chapter 3 Wireless LAN Infrastructure Devices 65 The Wireless Access Point 66 Autonomous Access Points 67 Controller-Based Access Points 75 Cooperative Access Points 76 Wireless Mesh 77 Wireless LAN Routers 79 Wireless Residential Gateway 79 Wireless Branch Router 80 Wireless Bridges 80 Wireless Repeaters 81 Wireless LAN Controllers 83 Centralized Administration 84 Controller-Based Access Points 84 Virtual LAN 84 Power over Ethernet Capability 84 Improved Device Roaming 85 Wireless Profiles 85 Advanced Security Features 85 Captive Portal 85 Built-in RADIUS Services 86 Site Survey Tools 86 Radio Frequency Spectrum Management 86 Firewall 86 Quality of Service 86 Redundancy 87 Wireless Intrusion Prevention System 87 Direct and Distributed AP Connectivity 87 Layer 2 and Layer 3 AP Connectivity 87 Distributed and Centralized Data Forwarding 88 Power over Ethernet 89 Summary 93 Exam Essentials 93 Review Questions 95 Chapter 4 Wireless LAN Client Devices 99 Radio Hardware Used with Wireless LAN Technology 100 PCMCIA 101 Features of PCMCIA Cards 101 Installation and Configuration of PCMCIA Cards 103 ExpressCard 107 Features of the ExpressCard 107 Installation and Configuration of an ExpressCard 108 USB 1.0, USB 1.1, USB 2.0, and USB 3.0 109 Features of USB 110 Installation and Configuration of USB Devices 110 Peripheral Component Interconnect 112 Features of PCI 113 Installation and Configuration of PCI Cards 113 Mini-PCI, Mini-PCIe, and Half Mini-PCIe 116 Features of Mini-PCI, Mini-PCIe, and Half Mini-PCIe Cards 117 Installation and Configuration of Mini-PCI, Full Mini-PCIe, and Half Mini-PCIe Cards 118 Additional Adapter Types 119 CompactFlash Devices 119 Features of CF Cards 120 Installation and Configuration of a CF Card 120 Secure Digital 121 Features of SDIO Cards 121 Installation and Configuration of SDIO Cards 122 Wireless Workgroup Bridges 122 Features of Workgroup/Client Bridges 122 Installation and Configuration of Workgroup/Client Bridges 123 Client Device Drivers 125 Client Utility Software 125 Manufacturer-Specific Client Utilities 126 Third-Party Client Utilities 127 Summary 129 Exam Essentials 130 Review Questions 131 Chapter 5 Physical Layer Access Methods and Spread-Spectrum Technology 135 Network Access Methods 136 Detecting Network Traffic Collisions with CSMA/CD 137 Avoiding Network Traffic Collisions with CSMA/CA 138 Reserving Time for Data Transmission Using Distributed Coordination Function 139 Effects of Half Duplex on Wireless Throughput 140 Narrowband vs. Spread-Spectrum Communication 141 Spread-Spectrum Technology 143 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum 143 802.11 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum 145 802.11b High Rate/Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum 146 IEEE 802.11 DSSS and HR/DSSS Channels 147 IEEE 802.11g Extended Rate Physical 149 IEEE 802.11n High Throughput 150 IEEE 802.11a, 802.11g and 802.11n Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 151 IEEE 802.11a, 802.11g, and 802.11n OFDM Channels 152 IEEE 802.11n Multiple Input/Multiple Output Technology 154 MIMO Channels 156 Co-location of IEEE 802.11b HR/DSSS and IEEE 802.11a/g/n OFDM Systems 157 Adjacent-Channel and Co-channel Interference 159 WLAN/WPAN Coexistence 160 Summary 162 Exam Essentials 163 Review Questions 164 Chapter 6 Radio Frequency Fundamentals for Wireless LAN Technology 169 Understanding Radio Frequency 170 Wavelength in Wireless LANs 172 Frequency in Wireless LANs 173 Amplitude in Wireless LANs 174 Phase in Wireless LANs 175 Radio Frequency Used in Wireless LANs 175 Wireless LAN Coverage and Capacity 180 Wireless LAN Coverage 180 Wireless LAN Capacity 183 Radio Frequency Channel Reuse and Device Co-location 185 Radio Frequency Range and Speed 186 Line of Sight in Wireless Networking 187 Wi-Fi and Non-Wi-Fi Interference 188 Co-channel and Adjacent Channel Interference 189 WLAN/WPAN Interference 190 Environment: RF Behavior 191 Basic Units of Radio Frequency Measurement 194 Absolute Measurements of Radio Frequency Power 195 Relative Measurements of Radio Frequency Power 196 Radio Frequency Signal Measurements 198 Summary 202 Exam Essentials 202 Review Questions 204 Chapter 7 Wireless LAN Antennas and Accessories 209 Basic Radio Frequency Antenna Concepts 210 Radio Frequency Lobes 211 Antenna Beamwidth 211 Antenna Gain 214 Passive Gain 214 Active Gain 216 Antenna Polarization 216 Wireless LAN Antenna Types 218 Omnidirectional Antennas 218 Omnidirectional Antenna Specifications 219 Semidirectional Antennas 222 Highly Directional Antennas 230 Highly Directional Antenna Specifications 231 Radio Frequency Cables and Connectors 233 Radio Frequency Cable Types 233 Radio Frequency Cable Length 234 Radio Frequency Cable Cost 234 Impedance and VSWR 235 Radio Frequency Connectors 235 Factors in Antenna Installation 237 Addressing the Effects of Earth Curvature 237 Antenna Placement 237 Minimizing the Effects of Multipath Using Antenna Diversity 238 Combating Effects of Wind and Lightning in WLAN Installations 239 Lightning Arrestors 240 Grounding Rods 240 Installation Safety 241 Antenna Mounting 241 Internal and External (to the Access Point) Antennas 241 Pole/Mast Mount 242 Ceiling Mount 243 Wall Mount 244 Maintaining Clear Communications 244 Visual Line of Sight 244 Radio Frequency LoS 244 Fresnel Zone 245 Summary 246 Exam Essentials 247 Review Questions 248 Chapter 8 Wireless LAN Terminology and Technology 253 Wireless LAN Modes of Operation 254 The Independent Basic Service Set 255 The Basic Service Set 260 The Extended Service Set 263 The Basic Service Area 264 Connecting to an IEEE 802.11 Wireless Network 265 IEEE 802.11 Frame Types 265 Wireless Network Discovery 267 Passive Scanning 267 Active Scanning 268 IEEE 802.11 Authentication 270 IEEE 802.11 Deauthentication and Disassociation 275 The Distribution System 276 Data Rates 277 Throughput 279 Dynamic Rate Switching 286 Wireless LAN Roaming or Transition 287 IEEE 802.11 Power Save Operations 289 Active Mode 289 Power Save Mode 290 Automatic Power Save Delivery 291 IEEE 802.11 Protection Mechanisms 291 IEEE 802.11g Extended Rate Physical Protection Mechanisms 292 IEEE 802.11n High-Throughput Protection Mechanisms 293 Summary 294 Exam Essentials 296 Review Questions 297 Chapter 9 Wireless LAN Security Basics 301 Introducing IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Security 303 Wireless LAN Threats and Intrusion 303 IEEE 802.11 Standard Security 305 IEEE 802.11 Open System Authentication 306 IEEE 802.11 Shared-Key Authentication 306 Early Wireless LAN Security Technologies 307 The Service Set Identifier 307 SSID Hiding 308 The Media Access Control Address 309 MAC Address Filtering 310 MAC Address Spoofing 311 IEEE 802.11 Authentication and Data Encryption 311 About Wired Equivalent Privacy 312 How to Use WEP 312 IEEE 802.11 SOHO and Enterprise Security Technologies 314 Wi-Fi Protected Setup PIN-Based or Push-Button Configuration Wireless Security 314 PIN-Based Security 315 Push-Button Configuration Security 315 Wi-Fi Protected Access and WPA2 Personal Security 317 Passphrase Characteristics 317 WPA and WPA2 Enterprise Security 318 IEEE 802.1X/EAP 318 IEEE 802.1X 319 Extensible Authentication Protocol 320 IEEE 802.1X and EAP Together: IEEE 802.1X/EAP 320 Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service 321 Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting 322 IEEE 802.11 Encryption Methods 324 Wired Equivalent Privacy 324 Temporal Key Integrity Protocol 326 Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol 327 Role-Based Access Control 329 Virtual Private Networking 330 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol 331 Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol 332 Components of a VPN Solution 332 The Wireless Intrusion Prevention System 337 WIPS Configuration and Maintenance 339 Overlay and Integrated WIPS Technology 339 The Captive Portal 342 Wireless Network Management and Monitoring Systems 343 WNMS: Software, Hardware, or Cloud? 343 Wireless Network Monitoring 345 Industry Regulatory Compliance 347 PCI Compliance 348 HIPAA Compliance 348 Summary 349 Exam Essentials 350 Review Questions 352 Chapter 10 Wireless LAN Site Survey Basics 357 Wireless LAN Site Surveys 358 Size of Physical Location 359 Intended Use of the Network 359 Number of Users and Devices 360 Wireless Client Device Capabilities 360 The Wireless LAN Environment 361 Performance Expectations 361 Bring-Your-Own-Device Acceptance 361 Gathering Business Requirements 363 General Office/Enterprise 363 Manufacturing 365 Warehousing 366 Retail/Point of Sale 368 Healthcare/Medical 368 Government/Military 369 Education 370 Public Access, Hotspots, Hospitality 372 Interviewing Stakeholders 373 Manufacturer Guidelines and Deployment Guides 377 Defining Physical and Data Security Requirements 377 Gathering Site-Specific Documentation 378 Floor Plans and Blueprints 378 Furnishings 378 Electrical Specifications 380 Documenting Existing Network Characteristics 381 Identifying Infrastructure Connectivity and Power Requirements 381 Understanding Application Requirements 383 Application Effects on Wireless LAN Capacity 383 Understanding RF Coverage and Capacity Requirements 384 Client Connectivity Requirements 385 Antenna Use Considerations 386 Summary 390 Exam Essentials 391 Review Questions 392 Chapter 11 Performing an RF Wireless LAN Site Survey 397 The Physical Radio Frequency Site Survey Process 398 Radio Frequency Spectrum Analysis 399 Wi-Fi and Non-Wi-Fi Interference Sources 402 Wi-Fi Interference 407 Performing a Manual Radio Frequency Wireless LAN Site Survey 409 Obtaining a Floor Plan or Blueprint 410 Identifying Existing Wireless Networks 411 Testing Access Point Placement 411 Analyzing the Results 413 Advantages and Disadvantages of Manual Site Surveys 413 Software-Assisted Manual Site Survey 413 Manual Site Survey Toolkit 420 Performing a Predictive Modeling Site Survey 423 Internet-Based Predictive Modeling Site Survey 429 Protocol Analysis 429 Documenting Existing Network Characteristics 436 RF Coverage Requirements 437 Infrastructure Hardware Selection and Placement 437 Infrastructure Connectivity and Power Requirements 438 Received Signal Strength 438 Testing Antenna Use 440 Testing Multiple Antenna Types 441 Choosing the Correct Antennas 441 Wireless Channel Architectures 442 Multiple-Channel Architecture 443 Single-Channel Architecture 443 Wireless Device Installation Limitations 444 Site Survey Report 445 Summary 447 Exam Essentials 448 Review Questions 449 Chapter 12 Troubleshooting and Maintaining IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks 453 Identifying Wireless LAN Problems 455 Radio Frequency Transmitters and Receivers 456 Wireless LAN Connectivity Coverage and Capacity Problems 457 No Wireless Connectivity 457 Intermittent Wireless Connectivity Problems 465 Wireless LAN Throughput 469 Application Performance Problems 472 Wireless Device Software and Hardware Upgrades 473 Optimizing Wireless Networks 480 Wireless Infrastructure Hardware Selection and Placement 481 Identifying, Locating, and Removing Sources of Wi-Fi and Non-Wi-Fi Interference 481 Wireless Client Device Load Balancing and Infrastructure Device Redundancy 482 Wireless Infrastructure Device Redundancy 483 Analyzing Wireless Infrastructure Capacity and Utilization 484 Radio Frequency Performance Problems: Multipath 485 Radio Frequency Performance Problems: Hidden Node 485 Summary 489 Exam Essentials 490 Review Questions 491 Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 495 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer Networking 496 Chapter 2: Introduction to Wireless Local Area Networking 498 Chapter 3: Wireless LAN Infrastructure Devices 500 Chapter 4: Wireless LAN Client Devices 501 Chapter 5: Physical Layer Access Methods and Spread-Spectrum Technology 503 Chapter 6: Radio Frequency Fundamentals for Wireless LAN Technology 505 Chapter 7: Wireless LAN Antennas and Accessories 506 Chapter 8: Wireless LAN Terminology and Technology 508 Chapter 9: Wireless LAN Security Basics 510 Chapter 10: Wireless LAN Site Survey Basics 512 Chapter 11: Performing an RF Wireless LAN Site Survey 514 Chapter 12: Troubleshooting and Maintaining IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks 516 Appendix B About the Additional Study Tools 519 Additional Study Tools 520 Sybex Test Engine 520 Electronic Flashcards 520 Author Files and White Papers 520 PDF of Glossary of Terms 521 Adobe Reader 521 System Requirements 521 Using the Study Tools 522 Troubleshooting 522 Customer Care 522 Index 523
