Part I Calcium in Childhood 1. Bone Mineral Density of the Skull and Lower Extremities During Growth and Calcium Supplementation Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 2. Calcium Retention in Adolescence as a Function of Calcium Intake: Influence of Race and Gender Abstract Introduction Methods for Determining Calcium Retention and Metabolism Racial Differences in Calcium Metabolism Gender Differences in Calcium Metabolism Further Directions References 3. Longitudinal Study of Diet and Lifestyle Intervention on Bone Mineral Gain in School Children and Adolescents: Effects of Asian Traditional Diet and Sitting Style on Bone Mineral Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgment References 4. A Co-Twin Calcium Intervention Trial in Premenarcheal Girls: Cortical Bone Effects by Hip Structural Analysis Abstract Introduction Methods Statistical Analyses Results Discussion References 5. Calcium Carbonate Supplementation is Associated with Higher Plasma IGF-1 in 16- to 18-Year-Old Boys and Girls Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References Part II Dairy Products, Calcium Metabolism 6. Nutrients, Interactions, and Foods: The Importance of Source Introduction Calcium and Diet Quality Calcium and Protein Phosphorus and Calcium Conclusion References Part III Vitamins, Flavonoids 7. Vitamin K and Bone Health Abstract Introduction Sites of Vitamin K Action Similarities Between Calcium Metabolism in Bone and Arteries Vitamin K Status and Bone Health Vitamin K Status and Cardiovascular Health Vitamin K Intervention Studies Dietary Vitamin K Requirements for Bone and Vascular Health Safety and Potential Adverse Side Effects of Vitamin K Supplements References 8. Dietary Vitamin A is Negatively Related Density in Postmenopausal Women Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 9. Hesperidin, a Citrus Flavanone, Improves Bone Acquisition and Prevents Skeletal Impairment in Rats Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References 10. Vitamin B-Complex, Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Polymorphism and Bone: Potential for Gene-Nutrient Interaction Abstract Introduction What is the Role of Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase(MTHFR) Enzyme? MTHFR Polymorphism Vitamin B-Complex Conclusions References Part IV Nutrition and Bone Health Miscellaneous 11. A Placebo Controlled Randomized Trial of Chromium Picolinate Supplementation on Indices of Bone and Calcium Metabolism in Healthy Women Abstract Subjects Methods Result Discussion Acknowledgments References 12. Nutrition and Teeth Abstract Introduction Oral Bone Loss and Systemic Bone Mineral Density Nutrition, Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss Relationship of Calcium, Vitamin D, and Phosphorus to Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss Conclusions Summary References 13. Cognitive Dietary Restraint, Cortisol and Bone Density in Normal-Weight Women: Is There a Relationship? Abstract Introduction Possible Mechanism Assessment of Dietary Restraint Associations Between Dietary Restraint and Menstrual Disturbances Associations Between Subclinical Menstrual Disturbances and Bone Loss Associations Between Dietary Restraint and Cortisol Association Between Dietary Restraint and Bone Summary Acknowledgments References Part V Vitamin D-First Part 14. Functions of Vitamin D: Importance for Prevention of Common Cancers, Type 1 Diabetes and Heart Disease Evolution of Vitamin D Photosynthesis and Regulation of Previtamin D3 Vitamin D and Bone Health Metabolism and Biologic Functions of Vitamin D Prevalence and Consequences of Vitamin D Deficiency on Bone Health Other Health Consequences of Vitamin D Deficiency: Increased Risk of Autoimmune Diseases, Solid Tumors, and Cardiovascular Heart Disease Clinical Applications for the Antiproliferative Activity of l,25(OH)2D3 and its Analogs Prevention and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency Conclusion Acknowledgment References 15. Evidence for the Breakpoint of Normal Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D: Which Level Is Required in the Elderly? Introduction Assessing the Required Serum 25(OH)D Concentration Evidence from Epidemiological and Intervention Studies The Influence of Calcium Intake on Serum PTH and Vitamin D Metabolism Staging of Vitamin D Deficiency Conclusion References 16. What is the Optimal Amount of Vitamin D for Osteoporosis? Introduction Vitamin D and Osteoporosis Dosage Considerations Hormonal l,25(OH)2D is not an Alternative to Nutritional Vitamin D Summary References Part VI Vitamin D-Second Part 17. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and the Health of the Calcium Economy Introduction Studies of Calcium Absorption Osteoporotic Fractures Comment References 18. Defining Optimal 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in Younger and Older Adults Based on Hip Bone Mineral Density Abstract PTH Versus BMD in Threshold Assessment for Optimal 25-OHD Levels Rationale for Assessment of Optimal 25-OHD in the Non-White Population Methods Applied to Study the Association Between 25-OHD and BMD in a Population-Based Sample Results Discussion References 19. Vitamin D Supplementation in Postmenopausal Black Women Improves Calcium Homeostasis and Bone Turnover in Three Months Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgment References 20. Adherence to Vitamin D Supplementation in Elderly Patients After Hip Fracture Introduction Patients and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion References 21. Vitamin D Round Table Introduction What is the Optimal Level of 25(OH)D for the Skeleton and Why? How Much Vitamin D3 is Needed to Reach the Optimal Level of 25(OH)D? References Part VII Acid Load From Food-First Part 22. Effects of Diet Acid Load on Bone Health Abstract Determinants of the Setpoint at which Blood Acidity and Plasma Bicarbonate Concentration are Regulated in Normal Subjects Chronic Metabolic Acidosis and Bone Wasting Plasma Acid-Base Balance and Diet Acid Load in Humans Crossing the Neutral Zone Implications for Further Research Acknowledgments References 23. Effect of Various Classes of Foodstuffs and Beverages of Vegetable Origin on Bone Metabolism in the Rat Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion What Should We Eat? References 24. A Role for Fruit and Vegetables in Osteoporosis Prevention? Abstract Introduction Importance of Acid-Base Homeostasis to Optimum Health A Link Between Acid-Base Maintenance and Skeletal Integrity? Acidity of Foods and Skeletal Health: Concept of Potential Renal Acid Loads Positive Link Between Fruit and Vegetables, Alkali, and Bone Health: A Review of Current Evidence Concept of NEAP and its Potential Impact on the Skeleton Calcium/Alkali Supplements and Optimum Bone Health Fruit and Vegetables and Bone: Exploring Other Important Factors Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References Part VIII Acid Load From Food-Second Part 25. The Ovine Model for the Study of Dietary Acid Base, Estrogen Depletion and Bone Health Abstract Introduction Background and Significance The Influence of Dietary Strong Ions Determination of Dietary Acid Load The Dairy Connection Preliminary Studies Effect of a Diet Low in Cation-Anion Balance on Bone Mineral Density in Mature Ovariectomized Ewes Conclusion Acknowledgments References 26. The Natural Dietary Potassium Intake of Humans: The Effect of Diet-Induced Potassium-Replete, Chloride-Sufficient, Chronic Low-Grade Metabolic Alkalosis, or Stone Age Diets for the 21st Century Abstract Ancestral Dietary Patterns Ancestral Potassium Intakes Acid-Base Relationship to Bone Health and Bone Mineral Density Conclusions Implications for Further Research Acknowledgments References Part IX Protein 27. N-Acetyl Cysteine Supplementation of Growing Mice: Effects on Skeletal Size, Bone Mineral Density, and Serum IGF-I Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References 28. Dietary Protein Intakes and Bone Strength Introduction Dietary Protein and Bone Mass Gain Dietary Protein and Bone Mineral Mass Dietary Protein and Bone Homeostasis Effects of Correcting Protein Insufficiency Dietary Protein and Fracture Risk Conclusions Acknowledgments References 29. Dietary Protein and the Skeleton Abstract Dietary Protein and Serum IGF-1 Protein and Acid-Base Balance Protein and Urine Calcium Excretion Protein and Calcium Absorption Dietary Protein and Bone Turnover Protein, Bone Loss, and Fractures Potential Impact of Calcium Intake on Link Between Protein and Bone References Part X Protein-Mineral Water 30. Milk Basic Protein Increases Bone Mineral Density and Improves Bone Metabolism in Humans Abstract Introduction Human Study 1 Human Study 2 Conclusion References 31. Dietary Balance in Physically Active and Inactive Girls Abstract Introduction AIMS Subjects and Methods Results Discussion References 32. Mineral Waters: Effects on Bone and Bone Metabolism Introduction Calcium Sodium Sulfates Carbonated Beverages Fluoride Acid Load Alkaline Load Potassium Conclusions References Index
