PART I SURVEYING PRINCIPLES
1 BASICS OF SURVEYING
1. 1.1 Surveying Defined
2. 1.2 Types of Surveys
3. 1.3 Classes of Surveys
4. 1.4 Definitions
5. 1.5 Surveying Instrumentation
6. 1.6 Overview of a Modern Surveying Data System - The Science of Geomatics
7. 1.7 Survey Geographic Reference
8. 1.8 Survey Grid Reference
9. 1.9 Survey Legal Reference
10. 1.10 Survey Vertical Reference
11. 1.11 Distance Measurement
12. 1.12 Units of Measurement
13. 1.13 Location Methods
14. 1.14 Accuracy and Precision
15. 1.15 Accuracy Ratio
16. 1.16 Errors
17. 1.17 Mistakes
18. 1.18 Stationing
19. 1.19 Field Notes
20. 1.20 Field Management
2 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
2.1 Methods of Distance measurement
2.2 Distance Measurement - General
2.3 Other Indirect Measuring Ttechniques
2.4 Gunter's Chain
2.5 Taping
2.6 Taping Accessories
2.7 Taping Techniques
2.8 Standard Conditions for the Use of Steel Tapes
2.9 Taping Corrections, General
2.10 Systematic Slope Corrections
2.11 Erroneous Tape Length Corrections
2.12 Temperature Corrections
2.13.1 Invar Steel tapes
2.13.2 Tension and Sag Corrections
2.15 Random Errors Associated With Systematic Taping Errors
2.16 Random Taping Errors
2.17 Techniques for Ordinary Taping Precision
2.18.1 Mistakes in Taping
2.19 Electronic Distance Measurement
2.20 Electronic Angle Measurement
2.21 Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)
2.22 EDM Instrument Characteristics
2.23 Prisms
2.24 EDM Instrument Accuracies
2.25 EDM Instrument Operation
2.26 Geometry of EDM Measurements
2.27 EDM Without Reflecting Prisms
Questions
Problems
3 LEVELING
3.1 General Background
3.2 Theory of Differential Leveling
3.3 Curvature and Refraction
3.4 Types of Surveying Levels
3.5 Leveling Rods
3.6 Definitions for Differential Leveling
3.7 Techniques of Leveling
3.8 Benchmark Leveling (Vertical Control Surveys)
3.9 Profile and Cross-Section Leveling
3.10 Reciprocal Leveling
3.11 Peg Test
3.12 Three-Wire Leveling
3.13 Trigonometric Leveling
3.14 Level Loop Adjustments
3.15 Suggestions for Rod Work
3.16 Suggestions for Instrument Work
3.17 Mistakes in Leveling
Problems
4 ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS
4.1 General background
4.2 Reference Directions for Vertical Angles
4.3 Meridians
4.4 Horizontal Angles
4.5 Azimuths
4.6 Bearings
4.7 Relationships Between Bearings and Angles
4.8 Reverse Directions
4.9 Azimuth Computations
4.10 Bearing Computations
4.11 Comments on Bearings and Azimuths
4.12 Magnetic Direction
Problems
5 THEODOLITES
5.1 General Background
5.2 Electronic Theodolite
5.3.1 Theodolite Set-up
5.3.2 Repeating Optical Theodolite
5.5 Angle measurement With an Optical Theodolite
5.6 Direction Optical Theodolites
5.7 Angles Measured with a Direction Theodolite
5.8 Geometry of the Theodolite and Total Station
5.9 Adjustment of the Theodolite and Total Station
5.10 Laying Off Angles
5.11 Prolonging a Straight Line (Double-Centering)
5.12 Bucking-in (also known as interlining and balancing-in)
5.13 Intersection of Two Straight Lines
5.14 Prolonging a Measured Line by Triangulation Over an Obstacle
5.15 Prolonging a Line Past an Obstacle
Questions
6 TRAVERSE SURVEYS
6.1 General Background
6.2 Open Traverse
6.3 Closed Traverse
6.4 Balancing Angles
6.5 Latitudes and Departures
6.6 Computation of Latitudes and Departures
6.7 Traverse Precision and Accuracy
6.8 Traverse Adjustments
6.9 Compass Rule Adjustment
6.10 Effects of Traverse adjustments on the Original Data
6.11 Omitted Measurements
6.12 Rectangular Coordinates of Traverse Stations
6.13 Summary of Traverse Computations
6.14 Area of a Closed Traverse by the Coordinate method
6.15.1 Geometry of Rectangular Coordinates
6.15.2 Illustrative Problems In Rectangular coordinates
Problems
7 TOTAL STATIONS
7.1.1 General Background
7.1.2 Total Station Capabilities
7.1.3 Total Station Field Techniques
7.1.4 Summary of Total station Characteristics
7.5 Field Procedures for Total Stations in Topographic Surveys
7.6 Field-Generated Graphics
7.7 Construction Layout Using Total Stations
7.8 Motorized Total Stations
7.9.1 Summary of Modern Total station Characteristics
7.9.2 Hand-held Total Stations
Questions
8 TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING AND MAPPING
8.1 General Background
8.2 Maps and Plans
8.3 Scales and Precision
8.4 Plan Plotting
8.5 Contours
8.6 Summary of Contour Characteristics
8.7 Topographic (Planimetric) Surveys
8.8 Cross Sections and Profiles
8.9 Cross sections, End Areas and Volumes
8.10 Prismoidal Formula
8.11 Construction Volumes
8.12 Area Computations
8.13 Area by Graphical Analysis
Problems
9 Geographic Information Systems
9.1 The Evolution from Mapping to GIS
9.2 Components of a GIS
9.3 Sources for GIS Data
9.4 Georeferencing
9.5 Database Management
9.6 Metadata
9.7 Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)
9.8 Spatial Entities or Features
9.9 Typical Data Representation
9.10 Spatial Data Models
9.11 GIS Data Structures
9.12 Topology
9.13 Data Analysis Summary
9.14 GIS Glossary
9.15 Internet Website
9.16 Publications
Questions
10 Control Surveys
10.1 General Background
10.2 Plane Coordinate Grids
10.3 Lambert Projection
10.4 Transverse Mercator Projection
10.5 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid System
10.6 Use of Grid Coordinates
10.7 Illustrative Examples
10.8 Horizontal Control Techniques
10.9 Project Control
10.10 Control Survey Markers
10.11 Direction of a Line by Observation on Polaris
10.12 Time
10.13 Polaris
10.14 Procedure for Observing Polaris
10.15 Computation Technique for Azimuth Determination
10.16 Direction of a Line by Gyro-Theodolite
Questions
Problems
11 Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Global Satellite Positioning
11.3 Receivers
11.4 Constellations
11.5 GPS Satellite Signals
11.6 Position Measurements
11.7 Errors
11.8 Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS)
11.9 Canadian Active Control System (ACS)
11.10 Survey Planning
11.11 GPS Field Procedures
11.12 GPS Applications
11.13 Vertical Positioning
11.14 Conclusion
11.15 GPS Glossary
11.16 Recommended Readings and Related Websites
Questions
PART II Remote Sensing
12 Satellite Imagery
12.1 General Background
12.2 Techniques of Remote Sensing
12.3 Electromagnetic Spectrum
12.4 Selection of Radiation Sensors
12.5 An Introduction to Image Analysis
12.6 Classification
12.7 Feature Extraction
12.8 Ground-Truth or Accuracy Assessment
12.9 U.S. National Land cover Data (NLCD)
12.10 Remote-Sensing Satellites
12.11 Imaging Radar Satellites
12.12 Satellite Imagery Versus Airborne Imagery
12.13 Remote Sensing Web Sites
Questions
13 Airborne Imagery
13.1 General Background
13.2 Aerial Camera Systems
13.3 Photographic Scale
13.4 Flying Heights and Altitude
13.5 Relief (Radial) Displacement
13.6 Flight Lines and Photograph Overlap
13.7 Ground Control for Mapping
13.8 Mosaics
13.9 Stereoscopic Viewing and Parallax
13.10 Photogrammetric Stereoscopic Plotting Techniques
13.11 Airborne Digital Imagery
13.12 Orthophotos
13.13 Lidar Mapping
13.14 Aerial Surveying and Photogrammetric Mapping
13.15 Aerial Photography Interpretation
13.16 Applications of Air Photo Interpretation for the Engineer
and the Surveyor
13.17 Airborne Imaging Web Sites
13.18 Additional Reading
Questions
Problems
PART III Surveying Applications
14 Highway Curves
14.1 Route Surveys
14.2 Circular Curves: General Background
14.3 Circular Curve Geometry
14.4 Circular Curve Deflections
14.5 Chord Calculations
14.6 Metric Considerations
14.7 Field Procedure
14.8 Moving up on the Curve
14.9 Offset Curves
14.10 Compound Circular Curves
14.11 Reverse Curves
14.12 Vertical Curves: General Background
14.13 Geometric Properties of the Parabola
14.14 Computation of the High or Low Point on a Vertical Curve
14.15 Procedure for Computing a Vertical Curve
14.16 Design Considerations
14.17 Spiral Curves: General Background
14.18 Spiral Curve Computations
14.19 Spiral Layout Procedure Summary
14.20 Approximate Solution for Spiral Problems
14.21 Superelevation: General Background
14.22 Superelevation Design
Questions
Problems
15 Construction Surveys
15.1 General Background
15.2 Grade
15.3 Machine Guidance and Control
15.4 Accuracy and Mistakes
15.5 Construction Control
15.6 Measurement for Interim and Final Payments
15.7 Final Measurements for As-Built Drawings
15.8 Municipal Roads Construction
15.9 Highway Construction
15.10 Sewer and Tunnel Construction
15.11 Culvert Construction
15.12 Building Construction
15.13 Other Construction Surveys
15.14 Construction Survey Specifications
Questions
Problems
16 Land Surveying
16.1 General Background
16.2 Public Land Surveys (North America)
16.3 Property Conveyance
16.4 Rural Land Surveys
16.5 Electronic Research For Re-Surveys
16.6 Urban Land Surveys
16.7 Cadastral Surveying
16.8 Related Web Sites
Problems
17 Hydrographic Surveys
17.1 General Background
17.2 Objectives of Hydrographic Mapping and Electronic Charting
17.3 Planning
17.4 Survey Vessels
17.5 Vertical Control: Depth and Tidal Measurements
17.6 Position-Fixing Techniques
17.7 Sounding Plan
17.8 Horizontal Shore Control
17.9 Processing and Presentation of Data
17.10 Airborne Laser Bathymetry
Problems
Part IV APPENDICES
Appendix A Random Errors
Appendix B Trigonometric Definitions and Identities
Appendix C Glossary
Appendix D Answers to Selected Chapter Problems
Appendix E Internet Web Sites
Appendix F Examples of Current Geomatics Technology
Appendix G Typical Field Projects
Appendix H Early Surveying
INSTRUCTOR MANUAL CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Section A: Text Problem Solutions
Chapter 2 Page 1
Chapter 3 Page 5
Chapter 4 Page 10
Chapter 6 Page 16
Chapter 8 Page 23
Chapter 10 Page 25
Chapter 13 Page 28
Chapter 14 Page 30
Chapter 15 Page 37
Chapter 16 Page 38
Chapter 17 Page 41
Section B: Typical Course Outlines, Project Descriptions and Tests
Typical Evaluation scheme Page 45
Subject outline Surveying I Page 46
Subject outline Surveying II Page 47
Term Assignments, Surveying I Page 48
Term Assignment, Surveying II Page 49
Sample Tests and Solutions Page 50
Typical Class Handouts Page 59
for Instrument and Software Use.
Section C: PowerPoint Slides
Contents (over 300 slides) Page 70
