Prefaces to First and Second Edition ix
Sources and Acknowledgements xiii
Introduction 1
1 Doubt 7
Introduction to the Problem 7
Introduction to Descartes 8
Rene Descartes, 'First Meditation: What Can Be Called into Doubt' 9
Commentary on Descartes 12
Introduction to Moore 17
G. E. Moore, 'Proof of an External World' (extracts) 18
Commentary on Moore 21
2 Self 27
Introduction to the Problem 27
Introduction to Descartes 28
Rene Descartes, 'Second Meditation: Of the Nature of the Human Mind...' (extract) 29
Commentary on Descartes 32
Introduction to Ryle 35
Gilbert Ryle, 'Descartes' Myth' 36
Commentary on Ryle 45
3 Tragedy 51
Introduction to the Problem 51
Introduction to Hume 52
David Hume, 'Of Tragedy' 53
Commentary on Hume 58
Introduction to Feagin 63
Susan L. Feagin, 'The Pleasures of Tragedy' 64
Commentary on Feagin 72
4 Dilemma 77
Introduction to the Problem 77
Introduction to Lemmon 80
E. J. Lemmon, 'Moral Dilemmas' (extract) 80
Commentary on Lemmon 85
Introduction to Foot 89
Philippa Foot, 'Moral Dilemmas Revisited' (extracts) 89
Commentary on Foot 94
Introduction to Nussbaum 100
Martha C. Nussbaum, 'The Costs of Tragedy: Some Moral Limits of Cost-Benefit Analysis' (extract) 100
Commentary on Nussbaum 113
5 Friendship 119
Introduction to the Problem 119
Introduction to Aristotle 121
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII (extracts) 121
Commentary on Aristotle 124
Introduction to Stroud 129
Sarah Stroud, 'Epistemic Partiality in Friendship' (extracts) 129
Commentary on Stroud 142
6 Equality 149
Introduction to the Problem 149
Introduction to Williams 150
Bernard Williams, 'The Idea of Equality' (extracts) 150
Commentary on Williams 165
Introduction to Nozick 173
Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia (extracts) 173
Commentary on Nozick 178
7 Identity 183
Introduction to the Problem 183
Introduction to Locke 186
John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (extracts) 187
Commentary on Locke 194
Introduction to Williams 199
Bernard Williams, 'The Self and the Future' 199
Commentary on Williams 213
8 Freedom 219
Introduction to the Problem 219
Introduction to Schopenhauer 220
Arthur Schopenhauer, Prize Essay on the Freedom of the Will (extracts) 220
Commentary on Schopenhauer 233
Introduction to Wolf 237
Susan Wolf, 'Asymmetrical Freedom' (extract) 238
Commentary on Wolf 245
9 Consciousness 253
Introduction to the Problem 253
Introduction to Nagel 254
Thomas Nagel, 'What Is It Like to Be a Bat?' (extracts) 255
Commentary on Nagel 262
Introduction to Churchland 266
Patricia Churchland, 'The Hornswoggle Problem' (extracts) 267
Commentary on Churchland 274
10 Causality 279
Introduction to the Problem 279
Introduction to Hume 280
David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, Book I (extracts from Part III) 282
Commentary on Hume 291
Introduction to Anscombe 300
G. E. M. Anscombe, 'Causality and Determination' (extract) 300
Commentary on Anscombe 307
11 Qualities 313
Introduction to Some Problems 313
Introduction to Boyle and Locke 315
Robert Boyle, The Origin of Forms and Qualities (extracts) 316
Commentary on Boyle 318
John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (extract from Book II, Chapter VIII) 322
Commentary on Locke 328
Introduction to Berkeley 332
George Berkeley, The Principles of Human Knowledge and Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (extracts) 333
Commentary on Berkeley 338
Further Reading and Resources 345
Index 351
