ANDREW HOLT is Adjunct Professor of History at the University of North Florida. He is a contributor of various articles to the forthcoming Handbook of Medieval Studies: Concepts, Methods, and Trends in Medieval Studies (Ed. Albrecht Classen. Berlin: de Gruyter).
JAMES MULDOON is Professor Emeritus of Rutgers University-Camden. His many books include The Expansion of Europe: the First Phase (1977), Popes, Lawyers, and Infidels: The Church and the Non-Christian World 1250-1550 (l979) and Empire and Order: The Concept of Empire, 800-1800 (1999).