Jonathan Swift was internationally acclaimed in his own time for Gulliver's Travels and other satires in verse and prose. In his native Ireland, however, he was most fervently admired as a patriot. Advocating economic self-sufficiency for Ireland and resistance to the high-handedness of the British government, Swift represented an articulate challenge to British rule. Although his reputation as an Irish patriot declined after his death, the 20th century has come to recognize him as a founding father of Irish nationalism. This study traces Swift's fluctuating reputation in Ireland through the centuries, examining his nationalist ambivalence for a homeland he could defend but not love and comparing his feelings with the ambiguities that have marked the development of Irish identity more widely. Robert Mahony considers Swift's posthumous reputation in both literary and popular culture and examines his unusual place in Irish political rhetoric. He shows how Swift's reputation suffered in the later 18th century through its seeming irrelevance to shifting political circumstances. In the early 19th century Irish Protestants made him a symbol of their own patriotism within the British union, but he was ignored, or dismissed as a bigot, by most Catholic writers. In the 1840s the tide turned as the Young Ireland movement emphasised Swift's anti-British rhetoric while establishing his Protestant pedigree for contemporary Protestants. Although charges of hypocrisy and of an English cultural orientation continued as late as the 1930s, the construction of Swift as a patriot - with human flaws - was ultimately sustained.