Introduction 1
About This Book 1
About the Fourth Edition 2
Foolish Assumptions 2
Icons Used in This Book 3
Beyond the Book 3
Where to Go from Here 3
Part 1: Getting Started with SPSS 5
Chapter 1: Introducing SPSS 7
SPSS's Job, Our Job, and Your Job 7
SPSS's job 8
Our job 8
Your job 9
Garbage In, Garbage Out: Recognizing the Importance of Good Data 9
Talking to SPSS: Can You Hear Me Now? 12
The graphical user interface 12
Syntax 12
Programmability 13
How SPSS works 13
Getting Help When You Need It 15
Chapter 2: Finding the Best SPSS for You 17
Campus Editions 19
Subscription Plans 20
Commercial Editions 22
What's New in Version 27 24
Chapter 3: Getting to Know SPSS by Running a Simple Session 25
Opening a Dataset 25
Running an Analysis 27
Interpreting Results 30
Creating Graphs 33
Investigating Data 37
Part 2: Getting Data into and out of SPSS 43
Chapter 4: Understanding SPSS Data: Defining Metadata 45
Entering Variable Definitions on the Variable View Tab 46
Name 47
Type 47
Width 51
Decimals 52
Label 52
Values 53
Missing 54
Columns 55
Align 55
Measure 55
Role 56
Entering and Viewing Data Items on the Data View Tab 56
Chapter 5: Opening Data Files 59
Getting Acquainted with the SPSS File Format 59
Reading Simple Data from a Text File 60
Transferring Data from Another Program 65
Reading an Excel file 67
Reading from an unknown program type 68
Saving Data 69
Chapter 6: Getting Data and Results from SPSS 71
Exporting Data to Another Program 71
Navigating SPSS Statistics Viewer 72
Moving SPSS Output to Other Applications 74
Copying and pasting output 74
Exporting output 75
Printing Data 80
Chapter 7: More about Defining Your Data 81
Working with Dates and Times 82
Using the Date and Time Wizard 84
Creating and Using a Multiple-Response Set 86
Copying Data Properties 90
Part 3: Messing with Data in SPSS 95
Chapter 8: The Transform and Data Menus 97
Sorting Cases 97
Selecting the Data You Want to Look At 100
Splitting Data for Easier Analysis 103
Counting Case Occurrences 104
Recoding Variables 107
Recoding into different variables 107
Automatic recoding 110
Binning 113
Optimal Binning 117
Chapter 9: Computing New Variables 119
Calculating a New Variable with a Formula 120
Calculating a New Variable with a Condition 122
Using System Variables 124
Contrasting $Sysmis with SYSMIS 125
Understanding Missing Data in Formulas 127
Efficiently Calculating with Multiple Formulas 129
Chapter 10: Some Useful Functions 133
The LENGTH Function 134
The ANY Function 137
The MEAN Function and Missing Data 139
RND, TRUNC, and MOD 141
Logicals, the MISSING Function, and the NOT Function 143
String Parsing and Nesting Functions 144
Calculating Lags 146
Chapter 11: Combining Files 147
Merging Files by Adding Cases 147
Merging Files by Adding Variables 152
Part 4: Graphing Data 161
Chapter 12: On the Menu: Graphing Choices in SPSS 163
Building Graphs the Chart Builder Way 164
The Gallery tab 164
The Basic Elements tab 168
The Groups/Point ID tab 169
The Titles/Footnotes tab 170
The Element Properties tab 170
The Chart Appearance tab 176
The Options tab 177
Building Graphs with Graphboard Template Chooser 178
Chapter 13: Building Graphs Using Chart Builder 183
Simple Graphs 184
Simple scatterplots 184
Simple dot plots 185
Simple bar graphs 186
Simple error bars 187
Simple histograms 189
Population pyramids 191
Stacked area charts 192
Fancy Graphs 194
Charts with multiple lines 194
Colored scatterplots 196
Scatterplot matrices 198
Stacked bar charts 199
Pie charts 200
Clustered range bar graphs 202
Differenced area graphs 202
Dual-axis graph 204
Fancy Maps Using Graphboard Template Chooser 205
Heat map 206
Choropleth of values 206
Coordinates on a reference map 209
Part 5: Analyzing Data 211
Chapter 14: Using Descriptive Statistics 213
Looking at Levels of Measurement 213
Defining the four levels of measurement 214
Defining summary statistics 215
Focusing on Frequencies for Categorical Variables 217
Understanding Frequencies for Continuous Variables 221
Summarizing Continuous Variables with the
Descriptives Procedure 224
Chapter 15: Knowing When Not to Trust Your Data 227
Sampling 227
Understanding Sample Size 228
Testing Hypotheses 229
Calculating Confidence Intervals 231
Conducting In-Depth Hypothesis Testing 232
Using the Normal Distribution 235
Working with Z-Scores 236
Chapter 16: Testing One Group 239
Conducting Inferential Tests 239
Running the Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test 240
Running the One-Sample T-Test Procedure 246
Chapter 17: Showing Relationships between Categorical Variables 251
Running the Crosstabs Procedure 252
Running the Chi-Square Test of Independence 256
Comparing Column Proportions 260
Adding Control Variables 261
Creating a Clustered Bar Chart 264
Chapter 18: Showing Relationships between Continuous Dependent and Categorical Independent Variables 267
Conducting Inferential Tests 268
Using the Compare Means Dialog 268
Running the Independent-Samples T-Test Procedure 269
Comparing the Means Graphically 275
Running the Summary Independent-Samples T-Test Procedure 277
Running the Paired-Samples T-Test Procedure 280
Chapter 19: Showing Relationships between Continuous Variables 285
Viewing Relationships 286
Running the Bivariate Procedure 288
Running the Simple Linear Regression Procedure 292
Part 6: Getting More Advanced with Analyzing Data 301
Chapter 20: Doing More Advanced Analyses 303
Running the One-Way ANOVA Procedure 303
Conducting Post Hoc Tests 311
Comparing Means Graphically 314
Running the Multiple Linear Regression Procedure 315
Viewing Relationships 325
Chapter 21: What Is Normal Anyway? 327
Understanding Nonparametric Tests 328
Understanding Distributions 328
Running a Nonparametric Independent Samples Test 331
Running a Nonparametric Related Samples Test 338
Chapter 22: When to Do What 345
Determining Which Statistical Test to Perform 346
Using Advanced Techniques 350
Part 7: Making SPSS Your Own 351
Chapter 23: Changing Settings 353
General Options 354
Language Options 356
Viewer Options 357
Data Options 358
Currency Options 360
Output Options 361
Chart Options 362
Pivot Tables Options 364
File Locations Options 365
Scripts Options 366
Multiple Imputations Options 368
Syntax Editor Options 369
Privacy Options 370
Chapter 24: Editing Charts and Chart Templates 371
Changing and Editing Axes 372
Changing the axis range 372
Scaling the axis range 373
Changing Style: Lines and Symbols 376
Editing chart lines 376
Editing data points 378
Applying Templates 380
Chapter 25: Editing Tables 383
Working with TableLooks 384
Style Output 387
Pivoting Trays 390
Part 8: Programming SPSS with Command Syntax 393
Chapter 26: Getting Acquainted with Syntax 395
Pasting 396
Performing a Series of Related Compute Statements 399
Labeling 400
Repeatedly Generating the Same Report 400
Chapter 27: Adding Syntax to Your Toolkit 403
Your Wish Is My Command 404
Understanding Keywords 405
Declaring Data 406
Commenting Your Way to Clarity 407
Running Your Code 408
Controlling Flow and Executing Conditionals 410
IF 410
DO IF 411
SELECT IF 412
Part 9: The Part of Tens 413
Chapter 28: Ten (or So) Modules You Can Add to SPSS 415
The Advanced Statistics Module 416
The Custom Tables Module 416
The Regression Module 418
The Categories Module 418
The Data Preparation Module 419
The Decision Trees Module 419
The Forecasting Module 420
The Missing Values Module 421
The Bootstrapping Module 421
The Complex Samples Module 422
The Conjoint Module 422
The Direct Marketing Module 422
The Exact Tests Module 423
The Neural Networks Module 424
Chapter 29: Ten Useful SPSS Resources 425
Supporting Websites for This Book 425
LinkedIn and LinkedIn Groups 426
IBM SPSS Statistics Certification 427
IBM Data Science Community 427
SPSSX-L 427
Online Videos 428
Twitter 429
Live Instruction 430
Asynchronous Instruction and Tutorials 431
SPSS Statistics for Data Analysis and Visualization 432
Chapter 30: Ten SPSS Statistics Gotchas 433
Failing to Declare Level of Measurement 433
Conflating String Values with Labels 434
Failing to Declare Missing Data 435
Failing to Find Add-on Modules and Plug-Ins 435
Failing to Meet Statistical and Software Assumptions 437
Confusing Pasting Syntax with Copy and Paste 438
Thinking You Create Variables in SPSS as You Do in Excel 438
Getting Confused by Listwise Deletion 439
Losing Track of Your Active Dataset 440
Forgetting to Turn Off Select and Split and Weight 441
Index 443
