I. REVIEW.
1. Review: The OSI Reference Model and Routing.
Layered Network Model: OSI Reference Model.
Peer-to-Peer Communication.
Data Encapsulation.
Physical Layer.
Ethernet/802.3 Physical Connections.
Data Link Layer.
Ethernet/802.3 Interface.
Network Layer.
IP Addressing and Subnets.
Path Determination.
Path Communication.
ICMP.
ARP.
Routing.
Routed Versus Routing Protocols.
IP Routing Configuration Tasks.
Transport Layer.
Segmenting Upper-Layer Applications.
Establishing a Connection.
Data Transfer.
Reliability with Windowing.
Acknowledgment Techniques.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
II. CCNA 3: SWITCHING BASICS AND INTERMEDIATE ROUTING.
2. Introduction to Classless Routing.
CIDR Overview.
Why CIDR?
Route Aggregation and Supernetting.
Supernetting and Address Allocation.
Variable-Length Subnet Masking (VLSM).
VLSM Features.
Calculating VLSMs.
Configuring VLSM.
VLSM Using RIP and IGRP.
Route Summarization.
Summarization Within an Octet.
Summarization with a Discontiguous Network.
Route Flapping.
RIP Version 2.
Short History of RIP.
RIP Version 2 Features.
Comparing RIPv1 and RIPv2.
Configuring RIP Version 2.
Verifying RIP V2.
Troubleshooting RIP.
Default Routes.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
3. Single-Area OSPF.
Single-Area OSPF Concepts.
OSPF Overview.
OSPF Terminology.
OSPF States.
Comparing OSPF with Distance Vector Routing Protocols.
Shortest Path First Algorithm.
OSPF Network Types
OSPF Hello Protocol.
Steps in OSPF Operations.
Establishing a Router Adjacency.
Electing a DR and BDR.
Discovering Routes.
Selecting the Best Route.
Maintaining Route Information.
Single-Area OSPF Configuration.
Configuring a Loopback Address.
Modifying OSPF Router Priority.
Modifying OSPF Cost Metric.
Configuring OSPF Authentication.
Configuring OSPF Timers.
Configure OSPF over NBMA.
Full-Mesh Frame Relay.
Partial-Mesh Frame Relay.
Point-to-Multipoint OSPF.
Propagating a Default Route.
Common OSPF Configuration Issues.
Verifying the OSPF Configuration.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
4. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol.
EIGRP Overview.
EIGRP Processes and Technology.
EIGRP Benefits.
Independence from Routed Protocols.
EIGRP Terminology.
Neighbor Table.
Topology Table.
Successor.
Feasible Successor.
Selection of Successors and Feasible Successors.
Stuck in Active Routes.
Routing Table.
Route Tagging.
EIGRP Features and Technologies.
Neighbor Discovery and Recovery.
Reliable Transport Protocol.
DUAL Finite-State Machine.
PDMs.
EIGRP Packet Types.
Hello Packets.
Acknowledgment Packets.
Update Packets.
Query and Reply Packets.
EIGRP Convergence.
Configuring EIGRP.
Configuring EIGRP for IP.
Configuring Bandwidth with NBMA.
Configuring Bandwidth over a Multipoint Network.
Configuring Bandwidth over a Hybrid Multipoint Network.
Using the ip bandwidth-percent Command.
Configuring EIGRP Summarization.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
5. Switching Concepts and LAN Design.
Ethernet/802.3 LANs.
Ethernet/802.3 LAN Development.
Factors That Impact Network Performance.
Elements of Ethernet/802.3 Networks.
Half-Duplex Ethernet Networks.
Full-Duplex Ethernet Networks.
Introduction to LAN Switching.
LAN Segmentation.
LAN Segmentation with Bridges.
LAN Segmentation with Routers.
LAN Segmentation with Switches.
The Basic Operations of a Switch.
Ethernet Switch Latency.
Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switching.
Implications of Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switching.
Symmetric and Asymmetric Switching.
Memory Buffering.
LAN Design.
LAN Design Goals.
LAN Design Considerations.
Function and Placement of Servers.
Segmentation Issues.
Broadcast Domain Issues.
LAN Design Methodology.
Factors That Affect Network Availability.
Designing the Physical Network Topology.
Layer 1 Design.
Layer 2 Design.
Layer 3 Design.
Basic Layer 2 Bridging and Switching.
How Switches and Bridges Filter Frames.
Filtering Types.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
6. Switches.
Overview of Switches.
Starting the Switch.
Physical Startup of the Catalyst Switch.
Switch LED Indicators.
Verifying Port LEDs During Switch POST.
Viewing Initial Bootup Output from the Switch.
Examining Help in the Switch Command-Line Interface.
LAN Switches and Hierarchical Network Design.
The Core Layer.
The Distribution Layer.
Access Layer.
Switched LANs, Access Layer Overview.
Access Layer Switches.
Distribution Layer Overview.
Distribution Layer Switches.
Core Layer Overview.
Core Layer Switches.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
7. Switch Configuration.
Microsegmentation.
Microsegmentation Implementation.
How a Switch Learns Addresses.
Switch Forwarding.
Store-and-Forward.
Cut-Through.
Symmetric Switching.
Asymmetric Switching.
Memory Buffering.
Switches and Collision Domains.
Switches and Broadcast Domains.
Communication Between Switches and PCs.
PC to Switch Transmission.
Communication Between Switches.
Verifying the Initial Configuration of a Catalyst Switch.
Verifying the Catalyst Switch Default Configuration.
Switch Port Properties.
VLAN Properties.
The Flash Directory.
Displaying IOS Version Information.
Benefits of Using the Default Configuration.
Configuring the Network Settings of the Catalyst Switch.
Resetting the Switch Defaults.
Assigning the Switch Host Name and Passwords.
Assigning the Switch IP Address and Default Gateway.
Setting Port Characteristics.
Web-Based Interface.
Managing the MAC Address Table.
Configuring Static MAC Addresses.
Configuring Port Security.
Executing Adds, Moves, and Changes.
Managing Switch Operating System Images and Device Configuration Files.
1900/2950 Password Recovery.
1900/2900 Firmware IOS Upgrade.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
8. Spanning Tree Protocol.
Redundant Topology Overview.
What Is Redundancy?
Redundant Topologies.
Redundant Switched Topologies.
Broadcast Storms.
Multiple Frame Transmissions.
MAC Database Instability.
Spanning Tree Overview.
Spanning-Tree Operation.
Using Spanning Tree to Create a Loop-Free Topology.
Advanced Functions of STP.
Selecting the Root Bridge.
Stages of Spanning-Tree Port States.
Electing Designated Ports.
Path Cost.
STP Timers.
Spanning-Tree Recalculation.
Convergence.
RSTP.
RSTP Port States.
Transition to Forwarding.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
9. Virtual LANs.
VLAN Introduction.
Broadcast Domains with VLANs and Routers.
VLAN Operation.
End-to-End VLANs.
Geographic VLANS.
Benefits of VLANs.
Change Management.
VLANs and Security.
Using Hubs with VLANs.
VLAN Types.
VLAN Frame Identification.
IEEE 802.1Q: Frame Tagging.
Inter-Switch Link Protocol.
FDDI 802.10.
LANE.
VLAN Configuration.
Configuring Static VLANs.
Verifying VLAN Configuration.
Saving a VLAN Configuration.
Deleting a VLAN Configuration.
Troubleshooting VLANs.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
10. VLAN Trunking Protocol.
Trunking.
Trunking Concepts.
Trunking Operation.
VLANs and Trunking.
Switch Command-Line Interfaces.
Trunking Implementation.
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP).
History of VTP.
VTP Concepts.
VTP Benefits.
VTP Domain.
VTP Modes.
VTP Implementation.
VTP Configuration.
VTP Pruning.
Inter-VLAN Routing.
Inter-VLAN Issues and Solutions.
Isolated Broadcast Domains.
Finding the Route Between VLANs.
Physical and Logical Interfaces.
Dividing Physical Interfaces into Subinterfaces.
Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
III. CCNA 4: WAN TECHNOLOGIES.
11. Scaling IP Addresses.
Internet Protocol Overview.
NAT and PAT.
NAT and PAT Features.
Configuring NAT and PAT.
Verifying NAT and PAT Configuration.
Troubleshooting NAT and PAT Configuration.
Advantages and Disadvantages of NAT.
DHCP Overview.
Introducing DHCP.
BOOTP and DHCP Differences.
DHCP Features.
DHCP Operation.
Configuring DHCP Operation.
Verifying DHCP Operation.
Troubleshooting DHCP Configuration.
DHCP Relay.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
12. WAN Technologies.
WAN Technologies Overview.
WAN Devices.
WAN Standards.
WAN Encapsulation.
WAN Link Options.
Circuit-Switched Connections.
Packet-Switched Connections.
Packet and Circuit Switching.
WAN Technologies.
Analog Dialup.
ISDN.
Leased Line.
X.25.
Frame Relay.
ATM.
DSL.
Cable Modem.
WAN Communication.
LAN/WAN Integration.
Identifying and Selecting Network Capabilities.
Identifying and Selecting a Networking Model.
The Hierarchical Network Design Model.
The Three-Layer Design Models.
Three-Layer Model Components.
Hierarchical WAN Design Advantages.
Server Placement.
WAN Design.
Steps in Designing a WAN.
Gathering Requirements.
Analyzing Requirements.
Sensitivity Testing.
WAN Topology.
How to Identify and Select Networking Capabilities.
Other WAN Design Considerations.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
13. Point-to-Point Protocol.
PPP Layered Architecture.
Establishing a PPP Session.
PPP Authentication Protocols.
Password Authentication Protocol.
CHAP.
PPP Encapsulation and Authentication Process.
Serial Point-to-Point Links.
Time-Division Multiplexing.
Demarcation Point.
DTE and Data Communications Equipment Devices.
HDLC Encapsulation.
Configuring HDLC Encapsulation.
Troubleshooting a Serial Interface.
Configuring PPP.
Configuring PPP Encapsulation.
Configuring PPP Authentication.
Verifying the Serial PPP Encapsulation Configuration.
Troubleshooting the Serial PPP Encapsulation Configuration.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
14. ISDN and DDR.
ISDN Standards.
ISDN Overview.
ISDN Standards and Access Methods.
ISDN 3-Layer Model and Protocols.
ISDN Call Setup.
ISDN Functions and Reference Points.
Determining the Router ISDN Interface.
ISDN Switch Types.
ISDN Configuration.
Configuring ISDN BRI.
Configuring ISDN PRI.
Verifying the ISDN Configuration.
Troubleshooting the ISDN Configuration.
DDR Routing.
DDR Operation.
Legacy DDR.
Defining Static Routes for DDR.
Specifying Interesting Traffic for DDR.
Configuring DDR Dialer Information.
Dialer Profiles.
Configuring Dialer Profiles.
Verifying the DDR Configuration.
Summary
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
15. Frame Relay.
Frame Relay Overview.
Frame Relay Terminology.
Frame Relay Operation.
Frame Relay LMI.
LMI Operations.
LMI Extensions.
Global Addressing.
Multicasting.
Inverse ARP.
Stages of Inverse ARP and LMI Operation.
Frame Relay Mapping.
Frame Relay Switching Tables.
Frame Relay Operation Summary.
Frame Relay Subinterfaces.
Split Horizon Routing Environments.
Resolving Reachabilty Issues with Subinterfaces.
Basic Frame Relay Configuration.
Configuring the Serial Interface.
Verifying the Serial Interface Configuration.
Verifying Operation and Confirming Connectivity.
Confirming That the Line Is Up.
Confirming the Frame Relay Maps.
Confirming Connectivity to the Central Site Router.
Configuring Subinterfaces.
Configuring Optional Commands.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
16. Introduction to Network Administration.
Overview of Desktop and Server Operating Systems.
Workstations.
Servers.
Client/Server Relationship.
NOSs.
Windows NT, Windows 2000, and Windows .NET.
UNIX and Linux.
Macintosh OS X.
Concept of Service on Servers.
File Sharing.
FTP and File Transfer.
Web Services.
DNS.
DHCP.
Network Management.
OSI and Network Management Model.
Standards: SNMP and CMIP.
SNMP Operation.
Structure of Management Information and MIBs.
SNMP Protocol.
Configuring SNMP.
RMON.
Syslog.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
IV. CCNA BONUS MATERIAL.
17. Optical Networking Fundamentals.
Basics of Optical Networks.
Optical Business Drivers.
Fiber-Optic Systems.
Fiber-Optic Transmission System.
Light.
Optical Fibers.
Fiber Types.
Fiber Geometry.
Attenuation.
Optical Filters.
Optical Amplifiers.
Optical Transmission and Multiplexing.
SONET Technology.
SONET Multiplexing Hierarchy.
DWDM Systems.
Summary.
Key Terms.
Check Your Understanding.
18. Network Management.
Network Documentation.
Main Distribution Frame (MDF) and Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF) Layouts.
Server and Workstation Configuration Details.
Software Listings.
Maintenance Records.
Security Measures.
User Policies.
Network Security.
Data Recovery.
Backup Operations.
Redundancy Techniques.
Environmental Factors.
Power Conditioning.
EMI and RFI.
Software Viruses.
Network Performance.
Server Administration.
Client/Server Network.
Network Control.
The Administrative Side of Network Management.
Understanding and Establishing the Boundaries of the Network.
Costs of a Network.
Error Report Documentation.
Monitoring the Network.
Connection Monitoring.
Traffic Monitoring.
SNMP.
Remote Monitoring.
Network Troubleshooting.
The Troubleshooting Process.
Troubleshooting Techniques.
Software Tools.
Summary.
Key Terms.
19. Network+ Certification Exam Review.
Basic Networking Topologies.
Star Topology.
Bus Topology.
Mesh Topology.
Ring Topology.
Wireless Topology.
Segments and Backbones.
Segments.
Backbones.
The Major Network Operating Systems.
Microsoft Windows 2000 Server.
Windows XP.
Novell NetWare.
UNIX.
Linux.
MAC OS X.
Windows Directory Services.
Windows 2000 Organizational Units.
Active Directory and Domain Name System.
Active Directory Servers.
Active Directory Replication.
Active Directory Security.
Active Directory Compatibility.
Novell NetWare Directory Services.
UNIX Directory Services.
IP, IPX, and NetBEUI: Associating Them with Their Functions.
IP.
IPX.
NetBIOS Extended User Interface.
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks Overview
RAID 0.
RAID 1.
RAID 2.
RAID 3.
RAID 4.
RAID 5.
RAID 0/1.
Mirroring.
Duplexing.
Striping.
Volumes.
OSI Model.
Application Layer.
Presentation Layer.
Session Layer.
Transport Layer.
Network Layer.
Data Link Layer.
Physical Layer.
Networking Media.
Coaxial Cable.
Cat 3 UTP and Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable.
Category 5 UTP and Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable.
Fiber-Optic Cable.
Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable.
Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable.
Baseband Signal.
10BASE-2.
10BASE-5.
10BASE-T.
100BASE-T.
100BASE-TX and 100BASE-T4.
100BaseVG-AnyLAN.
100BASE-FX and Gigabit Ethernet.
Full- and Half-Duplex Operation.
WANs and LANs.
Servers, Workstations, and Hosts.
Server-Based Networking and Peer-to-Peer Networking.
Cables, Network Interface Cards, and Routers.
Broadband and Baseband.
Gateways.
Understanding the Physical Layer.
Hubs.
Multistation Access Units.
Switching Hubs.
Repeaters.
Transceivers.
The Data Link Layer.
802.2 Logical Link Control.
802.3 Ethernet.
802.5 Token Ring.
802.11b Wireless.
The Function and Characteristics of MAC Addresses.
The Network Layer.
Router.
Brouter.
The Difference Between Routable and Nonroutable Protocols.
The Concept of Default Gateways and Subnetworks.
The Reason for Employing Unique Network IDs.
The Difference Between Static and Dynamic Routing.
The Transport Layer.
The Purpose of Name Resolution.
TCP/IP Fundamentals.
Default Gateways.
DHCP, DNS, WINS, and Host Files.
DNS.
Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS).
HOSTS Files.
TCP.
IP.
Internet Domain Name System.
Class A, B, and C Addresses and Their Default Subnet Mask Numbers
Port Numbers.
Proxies and Why They Are Used.
Workstation Configuration.
IP Addresses and Subnet Masks.
Default Gateways and Subnet Masks.
Host Name.
Internet Domain Name.
TCP/IP Suite: Utilities.
Using Telnet to Test, Validate, and Troubleshoot IP Connectivity.
Using nbstat to Test, Validate, and Troubleshoot IP Connectivity.
Using tracert to Test, Validate, and Troubleshoot IP Connectivity.
Using netstat to Test, Validate, and Troubleshoot IP Connectivity.
Using ipconfig/winipconfig to Test, Validate, and Troubleshoot IP Connectivity.
Using FTP to Test, Validate, and Troubleshoot IP Connectivity.
Using Packet InterNet Groper to Test, Validate, and Troubleshoot IP Connectivity.
PPP and SLIP.
The Purpose and Function of PPTP.
ISDN and PSTN (POTS).
Modem Configuration for Dial-Up Networking to Function.
The Requirements for a Remote Connection.
Security.
Standard Password Practices and Procedures.
Data Encryption.
The Use of a Firewall.
Administrative Considerations.
The Impact of Environmental Factors on Computer Networks.
Common Peripheral Ports.
External Small Computer Standard Interface Connections.
Print Servers.
Patch Panels.
Uninterruptible Power Supply.
Network Interface Cards.
Maintaining and Supporting the Network.
Standard Backup Procedures and Backup Media Storage Practices.
The Need for Periodic Application of Software Patches and Other Fixes to the Network.
The Need to Install Antivirus Software on the Server and Workstation.
The Need to Frequently Update Virus Signatures.
Troubleshooting the Network.
Determine Whether a Problem Is Attributable to the Operator or the System.
Check Physical and Logical Indicators of Trouble.
Given a Network Problem Scenario, Determine the Problem.
Summary.
Key Terms.
20. CCNA Certification Exam Review.
OSI Model.
Application Layer.
Presentation Layer.
Session Layer.
Transport Layer.
Network Layer.
Data Link Layer.
Physical Layer.
Bridging/Switching.
Full-Duplex and Half-Duplex Ethernet Operations.
Distinguishing Between Cut-Through and Store-and-Forward LAN Switching.
The Operation and Benefits of VLANs.
Routed Protocols.
Different Classes of IP Addresses, Including Subnetting and Private Addresses.
Subnetting.
Converting Among Decimal, Hexadecimal, and Binary.
Routing Protocols.
Exterior and Interior Routing Protocols.
Enabling RIP and IGRP on a Router.
Identifying Routing Metrics Used by IGRP and RIP.
Comparing and Contrasting the Key Operations That Distinguish Distance Vector, Link-State, and Hybrid Protocols.
WAN Protocols.
Key Frame Relay Terms and Features.
Differentiating Among LAPB, Frame Relay, ISDN/LAPD, HDLC, PPP, and DDR.
Configuring ISDN BRI and Legacy Dial-on-Demand Routing (DDR).
Configuration File Management Using TFTP.
How to Load a Software Image Backup.
Configuration File Management.
Managing IOS Images with TFTP.
Internet Control Message Protocol.
ICMP Message Delivery.
Error Reporting and Error Correction.
Unreachable Networks.
Using ping to Test Destination Reachability.
Access Lists.
ACL Overview.
Reasons to Create ACLs.
Cisco, IOS, and Network Basics.
Initial Router Boot-Up Output.
Establishing a HyperTerminal Session.
Logging In to the Router.
Keyboard Help.
IOS Editing Commands.
Router Command History.
Troubleshooting Command Errors.
The Purpose of the Cisco IOS.
Operation of the Cisco IOS.
Cisco IOS Features.
The show version Command.
Router User Interface.
Cisco IOS Troubleshooting.
Summary.
Key Terms.
21. Introduction to Converged Networking.
Traditional Networks.
Introduction to Voice and Data Networks.
Voice over Frame Relay.
Voice over ATM.
Voice over IP.
Comparing Voice-over-Data Technologies.
Voice, Video, and Data Networks.
Cisco AVVID.
Converged Networking Applications.
Common Issues with QoS.
Delay.
Jitter.
Lost Packets.
Echo.
Cisco IOS Software QoS Technology.
Summary.
Key Terms.
22. Developing Network Security and Network Management Strategies.
Network Security Design.
Identifying Network Assets and Analyzing Risks.
Analyzing Security Requirements and Trade-Offs.
Developing a Security Plan.
Defining a Security Policy.
Components of a Security Policy.
Developing Security Procedures.
Security Mechanisms.
Authentication.
Authorization.
Accounting (Auditing).
Data Encryption.
Packet Filters.
Firewalls.
Intrusion Detection.
Physical Security.
Selecting Security Solutions.
Securing the Internet Connection.
Securing Internet Domain Name System Services.
Logical Network Design and the Internet Connection.
IP Security Protocol.
Securing Dial-Up Access.
Securing Network Services.
Securing User Services.
Summary.
Key Terms.
23. Virtual Private Networks.
VPN Operation.
VPN Advantages.
Types of VPNs.
Service-Level Agreements.
An Example VPN.
VPNs of Network A Sites.
VPN Implementation.
Security Audit.
The Scope and Application Needs.
Documentation.
Security Policy.
The Cisco Systems VPN Design.
Tunneling Overview.
Cisco Virtual Dial-Up Services.
Cisco L2TP Implementation.
End-to-End Virtual Dial-Up Process.
Highlights of Virtual Dial-Up Service.
Authentication and Security.
Authorization.
Address Allocation.
Accounting.
Summary.
Key Terms.
V. APPENDIXES.
Appendix A: Glossary of Key Terms.
Appendix B: Check Your Understanding Answer Key.
Appendix C: Module-Chapter-Lab Guide.
